Performance Analysis of MC-CDMA for Rayleigh fading Channel

For wireless communication system multipath fading is a common problem specially in urban areas where a large number of buildings reflects the radio signals which results in interference amongst the reflected signals which causes the multipath fading effect since its selective by nature some spectrum at some specific location cancels out hence the receive signal losses some part of their information this abruptly increases the BER of communication system in slight movement of receiver, this paper specially analyzes the BER performance under Rayleigh fading channel conditions of MC-CDMA (Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access) in presence of AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) for different number of subcarrier, different number of users, and different path gains system analysis is performed by simulating the MC-CDMA using MATLAB program, and finally the paper also presents a comparison between simulated results. Keywords: MC-CDMA (Multicarrier Code Division Multiple Access), AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise), Rayleigh fading

Mapping of IgE-binding regions on recombinant Cyn d 1, a major allergen from Bermuda Grass Pollen (BGP)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Bermuda grass (<it>Cynodon dactylon</it>; subfamily Chloridoideae) is an important source of seasonal aeroallergens in warm tropical and sub-tropical areas worldwide. Improved approaches to diagnosis and therapy of allergic diseases require a thorough understanding of the structure and epitopes on the allergen molecule that are crucial for the antigen-antibody interaction. This study describes the localization of the human IgE-binding regions of the major group 1 pollen allergen Cyn d 1 from Bermuda grass.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>A cDNA library was constructed from Bermuda grass pollen (BGP) using a Lambda gt11 expression vector. The gene encoding the Cyn d 1 allergen was isolated by screening the library with a mouse monoclonal antibody raised against grass group 1 allergen. In order to characterize the IgE epitopes on Cyn d 1, seven overlapping fragments and three deletion mutants were cloned and over-expressed in E. coli. The recombinant fragments and deletion mutants were evaluated for their comparative IgE reactivity with sera of non atopic individuals and grass pollen allergic patients by ELISA and a dot-blot assay.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Analysis of IgE binding regions by overlapping fragments and deletion mutants identified two major allergenic regions corresponding to amino acids 120–170 and 224–244. Deletion of either or both regions led to a significant reduction in IgE binding, emphasizing the importance of the C-terminal region on Cyn d 1 in epitope-IgE interaction.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Anti-Cyn d 1 IgE antibodies from allergic human sera recognize two epitopes located at the C-terminal end of the molecule. These data will enable the design of improved diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for BGP hypersensitivity.</p

Real-time vision-based multiple object tracking of a production process : industrial digital twin case study

The adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies within the manufacturing and process industries is widely accepted to have benefits for production cycles, increase system flexibility and give production managers more options on the production line through reconfigurable systems. A key enabler in Industry 4.0 technology is the rise in Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) and Digital Twins (DTs). Both technologies connect the physical to the cyber world in order to generate smart manufacturing capabilities. State of the art research accurately describes the frameworks, challenges and advantages surrounding these technologies but fails to deliver on testbeds and case studies that can be used for development and validation. This research demonstrates a novel proof of concept Industry 4.0 production system which lays the foundations for future research in DT technologies, process optimisation and manufacturing data analytics. Using a connected system of commercial off-the-shelf cameras to retrofit a standard programmable logic controlled production process, a digital simulation is updated in real time to create the DT. The system can identify and accurately track the product through the production cycle whilst updating the DT in real-time. The implemented system is a lightweight, low cost, customable and scalable design solution which provides a testbed for practical Industry 4.0 research both for academic and industrial research purposes

Molecular and immunological characterization of major Bermuda grass pollen allergen Cyn d 1

This thesis describes the molecular and immunological characterization of the major group 1 pollen allergen Cyn d 1 from Bermuda grass. A Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) pollen cDNA library was constructed and a full length cDNA encoding Cyn d 1 gene was selected for further molecular and immunological characterization. Earlier studies had shown that bacterially expressed recombinant Cyn d 1 protein was non-IgE reactive due to lack of post-translational glycosylation in prokaryotic expression system. But in the present study, the expression of biologically active recombinant Cyn d 1 in E. coli was found to be reactive with serum IgE from Bermuda grass pollen sensitive patients. Further studies were undertaken to determine the IgE-binding regions of Cyn d 1 by generating a series of overlapping fragments of varying lengths covering the entire allergen molecule. These fragments were individually expressed in E. coli and the purified proteins were analysed to compare their IgE reactivity using sera pool from grass pollen allergic patients. This study led to the identification of two major IgE-binding regions and, deletion of either or both regions resulted in a significant reduction in the IgE reactivity. This information gathered from epitope mapping along with modern computational tools provided important clues to select residues to target for site directed mutagenesis for producing low IgE binding variants of Cyn d 1. To characterize the amino acid residues from Cyn d 1 which interact with IgE, the sequence was scanned by site-directed mutagenesis taking into account the sequence of homologous non allergenic 0-expansin gene, EXPB1, from Arabidopsis. Cyn d 1 hypoallergenic mutant forms with reduced IgE binding have been engineered based on the structural homology of non allergenic Arabidopsis beta expansin protein EXPB1 as a model. Nine potential IgE-interacting residues were identified and characterized, and based on these residues eight mutant Cyn d 1 variants with different combinations of mutated residues were designed and produced. Three out of the eight mutants showed reduced IgE-binding capacity as studied in vitro by immunodot blot and direct ELISA analysis. Hypoallergenic forms of the Cyn d 1 allergen can aid in the development of immunotherapeutic reagents for treatment of grass pollen allergy. Due to IgE-cross-reactivity, allergic patients exhibit broad sensitization to pollens of most grass species. Allergens from different sources can show immunological cross reactivity, often resulting from conservation of IgE epitopes. Therefore, immunoblot inhibition assays were performed using recombinant proteins to test the specific pattern of cross reactivity between allergens from Bermuda grass pollen (Chloridoedeae sub family) and Rye grass pollen (Pooideae sub family). The allergen profile of Rye grass pollen comprises Lol p 1 (group 1) and Lol p 5 (group 5), the two major allergen groups, Bermuda grass pollen on the other hand contains only Cyn d 1 (group 1) allergen. The group 1 allergens show very high amino acid sequence identity (80 %) and share common epitopes. The inhibition studies revealed a high degree of cross reactivity between the group 1 allergens from both grasses but none was observed between group 1 allergen from Bermuda grass and group 5 allergen from rye grass pollen. Rye grass pollen extract completely inhibited Bermuda grass pollen extract but not vice versa. These results suggest that basis of overall low level of cross reactivity between the Pooids and Chloridooids as observed by RAST can be attributed to absence of group 5 allergen from Chloridoids. Sequence comparison has identified a homologue ((3-expansin clone At2g20750 or EXPB1) in Arabidopsis of the Cyn d 1 gene. The EXPB1 protein is 42% similar to the Cyn d 1 protein. The function of some pollen allergen genes has been suggested based on their homologies with genes of known sequence. Expansins are a family of proteins that are known to induce extension of plant cell walls. A study was undertaken to determine the expression pattern of EXPB1 in Arabidopsis. RT-PCR analysis, in situ hybridization and GFP-promoter construct were used to study the pattern of gene expression of EXPB1 in Arabidopsis. RT-PCR analysis revealed EXPB1 transcripts only in floral tissue and the EXPB1 transcripts were localized in pollens by in situ hybridization. The absence of EXPB1 transcripts in any other tissues like leaf, stem and root indicates that the EXPB1 gene has pollen specific expression. GFP-promoter fusions showed high level of expression in tri-cellular pollen

An insight into the traditional Bandhej craft of Sikar City of Rajasthan

733-737Indian Bandhani, a traditional form of tie and dye, began about 5000 yrs ago. Also known as Bandhni and Bandhej, it is the oldest tie and dye tradition still in practice. The craft is still thriving with Gujarat and Rajasthan as chief production centers. This paper is an outcome of a diagnostic study of the Bandhej craft in Sikar city of Rajasthan. The objective of the study was to portray the present scenario of Bandhej craft and to record the changes that have occurred with the spinning wheel of time in the techniques, patterns of designs and the motifs

Weed Management Strategies for Tomato Plasticulture Production in Florida

Florida is the top producer of fresh market tomatoes in the U.S., with an average production of 0.4 million metric tons. Tomatoes are commercially grown on plastic mulched raised beds in Southwest Florida, the primary production region in the state. Low tomato yield in plasticulture production is often associated with the poor control of nutsedge species. Nutsedge management, therefore, remains a critical production challenge for tomato growers in Florida. Sandy soil in this region promotes herbicide movement after heavy rainfall or irrigation, affecting weed suppression. This will also potentially impact the timely establishment of new tomato transplants and, consequently, the crop vigor if the herbicides get into the root zone. This review aims to present and discuss an overview of available options to safely manage major weeds of tomatoes, including nutsedge species, in plasticulture production. In addition, this review seeks to discuss an approach for utilizing herbicide adjuvants, such as spray deposition agents or oil binding agents, to improve herbicides’ efficacy and tomato crop safety by enhancing their retention in plastic mulched raised beds

Diagnosing Herbicide Phytotoxicity in Citrus

Chemical weed control is an essential component of the ‘weed control toolbox’ for keeping the weeds checked in citrus groves. Citrus growers primarily rely on herbicides to manage weeds due to their efficacy and cost-effectiveness.  However, despite their benefits, herbicides may produce a wide range of unintended effects in citrus. For instance, an herbicide-related injury may occur due to improper spay practices, unfavorable weather conditions,  product misapplication, tank contamination, or herbicide carryover from the past application. Moreover, the movement of herbicides as a result of drift, volatilization or runoff, either on-site or from applications on adjoining areas, can also result in tree injury. This article discusses the diagnosis of such injuries from commonly used herbicides in citrus production