STUDY OF MAIN QUALITY AND SAFETY PARAMETERS OF STRUCTURED OLIVES AND THEIR CHANGE UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL FACTORS

Today scientific-practical bases of technologies of structured food products allow to create a principally new segment of products at the food market. Introduction of new principles of processing raw materials and ingredients, practical production methods allows to get food products with a new commodity and consumption form. There were studied technological aspects of producing structured food products of a round form on the example of the structured olive technology. Experimental studies and practical achievements in structuring (capsulation) allowed to create a product-analogue with quality and safety parameters, maximally approximated to the natural product. Principles of extruding formation with the synchronous combination of principles of external gel-creation allow to get a three-phase structure of a product (skin, internal content, filler), high organoleptic indices and target food value. At the same time the developed technology allows to involve in the technological process low-value parts of an olive-fruit and raw materials with decreased commodity-technological properties. In its turn, it allows to increase profitability indices and economic capacity of the new technology

INVESTIGATION OF SAFETY AND QUALITY PARAMETERS OF GRANULATED FILLERS

Within the conducted studies there were highlighted urgent questions of introducing the management system of quality and safety of food products. Quality and safety parameters that determine the notion of food product quality have been established by analyzing the normative and legislative base. There were studied quality parameters of granulated fillers that are structured systems of the ball-like form with diameter (3…7)·10-3 m and are characterized with a plastic, a bit crumbling consistence. Granules may be used as fillers for milk and sour-milk products, cheeses, ice-cream, dessert products, confectionary ones, beverages, salads, culinary floury products. The organoleptic quality evaluation of the products was realized by the descriptive (qualitative) method and by the profile analysis one (quantitative). Each organoleptic parameter (consistence, taste, smell and so on) is presented as a totality of components (descriptors), evaluated by quality, intensity and manifestation order. A characteristic of organoleptic parameters with intensity scales of separate signs is presented as profile diagrams. The complex organoleptic index that is 4.89…4.95 points has been determined. Basic physical-chemical properties of the new products were studied. It has been determined, that the content of main nutritive substances in the composition of fillers is: proteins 3.4…7.2 %, lipids – 2.5…6.5 %, total carbohydrates 7.8…13.2 %, mineral substances 0.25…1.12 %, that allow to pose fillers as products with the high food value. Safety parameters of the granulated fillers were studied – microbiological and toxicological ones, and also the content of mycotoxins and antibiotics. It has been proved, that the new products fully correspond to established norms by these parameters. The study of microbiological indices of the new products has proved the content of viable lactate bacteria in the fillers in amount 3·108…1·107 CFU in 1 g of a product and the absence of the pathogenic and conventionally pathogenic microflora. The expert evaluation of safety of the granulated fillers as to the content of food supplements in their composition allows to make a conclusion about the correspondence of the developed products to international legislative requirements. It has been proved, that the storage term of new products is 90 days at temperature 1…6 °С and relative air humidity no more 75 %

Seasonal hydrological and hydrochemical surveys in the Voevoda Bay (Amur Bay, Japan Sea)

Hydrological and hydrochemical surveys were conducted in the Voevoda Bay in May, August, and October, 2011 and February, 2012, in total 140 stations. Free water exchange of the bay with the Amur Bay is observed, with exception of its inner bights Kruglaya and Melkovodnaya. The water exchange is maintained by anticyclonic circulation with the inflow along the southern coast and outflow along the northern coast of the Voyevoda Bay. However, the opposite cyclonic circulation is observed in the Melkovodanaya Bight because of its coastal line patterns and fresh water discharge by the river. Dissolved oxygen content and partial pressure of CO2 in the bay waters are determined mostly by intensive processes of production and destruction of organic matter. There are three main groups of primary producers there, as diatom algae, sea grass Zostera marina , and periphyton. Specific chemical regime is formed in the Melkovodnaya Bight, in particular in winter when primary production depends on the ice cover and is driven by variations of photosynthetically active radiation passed through the ice. Seasonal variability of production-destruction processes intensity is discussed on the data of chemical parameters changes

Bone Marrow Myeloid Cells Regulate Myeloid-Biased Hematopoietic Stem Cells via a Histamine-Dependent Feedback Loop

Myeloid-biased hematopoietic stem cells (MB-HSCs) play critical roles in recovery from injury, but little is known about how they are regulated within the bone marrow niche. Here we describe an auto-/paracrine physiologic circuit that controls quiescence of MB-HSCs and hematopoietic progenitors marked by histidine decarboxylase (Hdc). Committed Hdc+ myeloid cells lie in close anatomical proximity to MB-HSCs and produce histamine, which activates the H2 receptor on MB-HSCs to promote their quiescence and self-renewal. Depleting histamine-producing cells enforces cell cycle entry, induces loss of serial transplant capacity, and sensitizes animals to chemotherapeutic injury. Increasing demand for myeloid cells via lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment specifically recruits MB-HSCs and progenitors into the cell cycle; cycling MB-HSCs fail to revert into quiescence in the absence of histamine feedback, leading to their depletion, while an H2 agonist protects MB-HSCs from depletion after sepsis. Thus, histamine couples lineage-specific physiological demands to intrinsically primed MB-HSCs to enforce homeostasis. Chen et al. show that histidine decarboxylase (Hdc) marks quiescent myeloid-biased HSCs (MB-HSCs). Daughter myeloid cells form a spatial cluster with Hdc+ MB-HSCs and secrete histamine to enforce their quiescence and protect them from depletion, following activation by a variety of physiologic insults

Acidification and Deoxygenation of the Northwestern Japan/East Sea

Seasonal hypoxia in the bottom waters of the Peter the Great Bay (PGB) of the Japan/East Sea (JES) occurs in summer. Using the empirical relationship between dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH obtained for hypoxic conditions and available historical DO data, acidification rates were estimated. Carefully sampled time-series observations from the northwestern part of the JES, carried out from 1999 to 2014 along the 132°20′ E and 134°00′ E longitudes, were chosen to determine the interannual variability of the sea’s hydrochemical parameters (DO, pH, and TA—the total alkalinity phosphates, nitrate, and silicates). To limit the effects of seasonal and spatial variability, only data obtained in the warm period were used. Additionally, all data from depths shallower than 500 m were discarded because they are affected by high natural variability, mostly due to strong mesoscale dynamic structures. Our results demonstrated that the pH and DO concentrations measured in the Upper Japan Sea Proper Water (750 m), Lower Japan Sea Proper Water (1250, 1750, 2250 m), and Bottom Water (3000 m) have been decreasing in recent years. On the other hand, calculated normalized dissolved inorganic carbon (NDIC), CO2 partial pressure (pCO2), and measured nutrient concentrations have been increasing. Maximum rates of acidification and deoxygenation are occurring at around 750 m. The annual rate of increase of pCO2 in the water exceeds the atmospheric rate more than 2-fold at a depth of 750 m. The observed variability of the hydrochemical properties can be explained by the combination of the slowdown ventilation of the vertical water column and eutrophication. However, the results obtained here are valid for the subpolar region of the JES, not for the whole sea. The synchronization of the deoxygenation of the open part of the JES and PGB has been found

Role of downwelling/upwelling in formation/destruction of hypoxia in the bottom waters of the Amur Bay (Japan Sea)

Downwelling/upwelling influence on hypoxia at the bottom of the Amur Bay is determined on the data of oceanographic surveys conducted aboard RV Impulse in August 2012 and RV Malachite in August 2013 coupled with the data of monitoring oceanographic station in the bay. The hypoxia develops in the period of downwelling circulation driven by southern and southeastern winds and relaxes in conditions of upwelling induced by northern and northwestern winds

O2 and CO2 Responses of the Synaptic Period to Under-Ice Phytoplankton Bloom in the Eutrophic Razdolnaya River Estuary of Amur Bay, the Sea of Japan

Hydrological conditions are an important factor for aquatic ecosystems. Their contribution to stimulating phytoplankton bloom in eutrophic estuaries is not quite clear. We present the results of an outbreak of a phytoplankton bloom event observed in the eutrophic Razdolnaya R. estuary in 2022 from January 22 to February 23, when the estuary was covered by ice. The bloom spreads over 21 km from the river mouth bar to upstream in the near-bottom layer below the halocline. The Chl-a concentration in the bloom area increased from 15 to 100 μg/L, and the dissolved oxygen concentration from 350 to 567 μmol/kg at a rate of 11 μmol/(kg day) over the study period, while the CO2 partial pressure was reduced to 108 µatm in the most oxygen-supersaturated waters. The Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii Cleve sea diatom was the dominant phytoplankton species in the bloom area. The opposite trend was observed near the boundary of the saline water wedge penetration over 29 km from the river mouth bar to upstream where the dissolved oxygen concentration decreased from 140 to 53 μmol/kg over a month, and partial pressure of CO2 reached 4454 μatm. We also present the results obtained in February 2016 before and after a snowfall, when the ability of PAR to penetrate through the ice was impeded by a layer of snow. After the snowfall, photosynthesis in the under-ice water stopped and the oxygen concentration decreased to almost zero due to the microbiological destruction of the phytoplankton biomass. As such, the main effect of phytoplankton bloom is the formation of superoxia/hypoxia (depending on the light conditions), during the period of maximum ice thickness and minimum river discharge. Thus, this study demonstrates that the eutrophication in the future could lead to unstable ecosystems and large synoptic variations of dissolved oxygen and CO2 partial pressure of the estuaries

Revisiting the Carbonate Chemistry of the Sea of Japan (East Sea): From Water Column to Sediment

In this study, we investigated the carbonate system in sediments and water columns from five stations in the Sea of Japan (East Sea) (JES) during the R/V Hakuho Maru KH-10-2 research cruise in the summer of 2010. The total alkalinity (TA) and pH were measured. Adopting a saturation degree of 91% and 80% for the lysocline depth and calcite compensation depth (CCD), respectively, we found that those depths corresponded to 1360 and 1980 m. A comparison of the calcite saturation depths, lysocline depths, and CCD depths obtained for 1999 and 2010 suggests that acidification of the interior of the JES occurred. Sediment cores were retrieved using a multi-corer. In the sediment cores, a sharp decrease in the pH by 0.3–0.4 pH units was observed in the subsurface horizons (0–10 cm) compared with the pH of the seawater from the bottom horizons. The TA in the porewaters was significantly higher than that in the overlying seawater. The anaerobic degradation of organic matter is probably the main cause for the increasing TA in the sediments. The porewaters were significantly undersaturated with calcite and aragonite, except in that from the shallowest station, where the sediments below 7.5 cm were saturated, and even supersaturated, with calcite and aragonite. A linear correlation between the dissolved inorganic carbon and the TA for sediments with a slope of 0.9993 was found, despite there being potentially different ways for the diagenesis of the organic matter to occur. The diagenesis of organic matter in the top sediments of the JES forms gradients of TA and CO2* concentrations on the interface of “bottom water–sediments”. Averaged fluxes of TA and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from the sediments to the bottom waters estimated by means of Fickian diffusion were calculated as 44 and 89 mmol/(m2 year) for TA and DIC, respectively

Radium Isotopes and Hydrochemical Signatures of Surface Water-Groundwater Interaction in the Salt-Wedge Razdolnaya River Estuary (Sea of Japan) in the Ice-Covered Period

The interaction of surface water and groundwater is important in the ecology of coastal basins, affecting hydrological conditions, oxygen regime, carbon, and nutrient exchange. This study demonstrates a dynamic connection between the salt-wedge region and its underlying aquifer in the eutrophic estuary. In winter, this estuary is covered with ice, and the river flow is at its lowest; that is why the specific response to groundwater discharge is best marked in this season. Groundwater admixture was detected in the salt-wedge region by highly active radium isotopes: 223Ra—4.80 ± 0.42 dpm 100 L−1, 224Ra—55.37 ± 1.1 dpm 100 L−1, and 228Ra—189.71 ± 4.66 dpm 100 L−1. The temperature of groundwater and river water was about +4 °C and 0 °C, respectively; that of seawater was −1.6 °C, and temperature increased up to +2.3 °C in the surface water–groundwater interaction region. Groundwater admixture is accompanied by a lower level of oxygen concentration of 52 μmol/kg; at that time, the maximum oxygen concentration in the salt-wedge region was 567 μmol/kg. In waters with a high activity of radium isotopes, there was a maximum partial pressure of CO2—4454 μatm at the range 100–150 μatm in the salt-wedge region and also observed extremum of NH4+, NO2−, and dissolved phosphorus. The surface water–groundwater interaction through anoxic sediment can form localized anaerobic areas despite the general oxygen supersaturation of eutrophic estuary waters and also cause local recycling of nutrients from bottom sediments