Gossypiboma: A Case Series and Literature Review

BACKGROUND: Gossypiboma (retained surgical sponge) is a rare medical event. It could cause a serious complication that can threaten patients’ life. Its diagnosis is usually difficult because the clinical symptoms are nonspecific and the imaging findings are often inconclusive.CASE PRESENTATIONS: We present two cases, a 32 years old woman who passed a retained surgical sponge via rectum 5 months after cesarean section and a 30 years old lady presented with an acute abdomen that later found to have localized right lower quadrant abscess with a retained surgical sponge.CONCLUSION: The most important approach to reduce the incidence of gossypiboma is prevention. At the end of the surgery, a correct count is always the gold standard safeguard against it. Although errors are not to be completely avoided, continuous CPD and strict adherence to rules of the operating room will reduce its incidence to a minimum

Genetic and non-genetic parameter estimates for growth traits and Kleiber ratios in Dorper × indigenous sheep

Genetic improvement programme will only be successful when accompanied by a good understanding of the influence of different environmental factors, knowledge of the genetic parameters and the genetic relationships between the traits of interest. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of non-genetic fac- tors on growth traits and Kleiber ratios and to estimate genetic parameters for early growth traits in Dorper indigenous crossbred sheep. The effects of fixed factors were analysed by the general linear model procedure of statistical analysis system, while the genetic parameters were estimated using a WOMBAT computer program fitted animal model. The overall least-square mean for birth weight (BRW), weaning weight (3MW), six-month weight, nine-month weight, and yearling weight were 3.03 ± 0.02, 14.5 ± 0.18, 20.4 ± 0.26, 24.8 ± 0.31, and 28.3 ± 0.40 kg, respectively. The overall least- square mean for Kleiber ratio from birth to weaning (KR1), weaning to six months, six to nine months and nine months to yearling age were 16.8 ± 0.10, 6.41 ± 0.17, 4.55 ± 0.21 and 3.38 ± 0.20 g/kg of meta- bolic weight, respectively. The inclusion of maternal genetic effect had a significant influence on BRW, and it explains 20% of the phenotypic variation. The total heritability estimates for BRW, 3MW, birth to weaning average daily weight gain and KR1 were 0.10, 0.14, 0.16 and 0.12, respectively. The pheno- typic correlation varied from 0.11 ± 0.05 to 0.98 ± 0.02, whereas the direct genetic correlation ranged from 0.32 ± 0.40 to 0.98 ± 0.17. The mean inbreeding coefficient was 0.105% with an annual rate of 0.02%. The heritability estimates for growth traits and Kleiber ratio suggest that slow genetic progress would be expected from the selection. However, the integration of selection with crossbreeding pro- gramme can enhance genetic gain. Therefore, selection should be conducted based on breeding values estimated from multiple information sources to increase the selection response

Measuring socioeconomic inequalities in postnatal health checks for newborns in Ethiopia: a decomposition analysis

BackgroundAddressing health inequity is a top priority for achieving sustainable development goals. The existing evidences in Ethiopia have shown that there are substantial inequalities in the use of health services among various socioeconomic strata. Therefore, the present study aimed to measure socioeconomic inequalities and the contributing factors in postnatal health checks for newborns in Ethiopia.MethodsWe used a secondary data from the recent 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey dataset. The study includes a weighted sample of 2,105 women who gave birth in the 2 years preceding to the survey. The study participants were selected using two stage cluster sampling techniques. The socioeconomic inequality in postnatal health checks for newborns was measured using the Erreygers Normalized Concentration Index (ECI) and illustrated by the concentration curve. A decomposition analysis was done to identify factors contributing to the socioeconomic related inequality in postnatal health checks for newborns in Ethiopia.ResultsThe concentration curve of postnatal health checks for newborns lay below the line of equality, and the Erreygers normalized concentration index was 0.133, with a standard error = 0.0333, and a p value <0.001; indicating that the postnatal health check for newborns was disproportionately concentrated among newborns with higher socioeconomic status. The decomposition analysis reported that antenatal care (ANC) visit (59.22%), household wealth index (34.43%), and educational level of the mother (8.58%) were the major contributors to the pro-rich socioeconomic inequalities in postnatal health checks for newborns.ConclusionThe finding revealed that there is a pro-rich inequality in postnatal health checks for newborns in Ethiopia. To reduce the observed socioeconomic health inequality, the government needs to improve ANC visits, implement strategies to access health service for economically disadvantaged groups, and increase educational attainment among women

Citizen participation : a sine qua non for effective design of the national environmental policy in Ethiopia

Abstracts in English and XitsongaThis study aimed to critically analyse the National Environmental Policy design process and citizen participation in Ethiopia, and to develop a framework that can improve citizen participation. At the outset, the study reviews theoretical and empirical evidence to identify the main discourses on public policy and citizen participation and to identify areas where it can make a new contribution. In contrast to most of the previous studies, convergent parallel mixed methods research design was employed to yield reliable and valid evidence, allowing for a comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the National Environmental Policy design process and citizen participation in Ethiopia. The empirical investigation demonstrates that significant new environmental issues have gained higher recognition on the policy agenda. Nonetheless, the National Environmental Policy design process is dominated by an ideological, incremental, and elitist policy design approach, rather than by rational policy analysis. The process of generating and selecting policy options lacks the exploration of alternative policies and the evaluation of their consequences, with decisions often made under bounded rationality using a rule of thumb. The study reveals that several national and international legal and policy frameworks guarantee citizens' individual and collective rights to fully participate in the policy design process. However, these policies do not clearly define the minimum norms and standards, and levels at which citizen participation can be implemented. Furthermore, they rarely establish strong legal accountability for government agencies that violate these provisions. Contrary to the constitutional right, the implementation of the charities and civil society’s proclamation by the government has disempowered and hindered civil society organisations from initiating and supporting participatory programs. Despite the intention to consult citizens, the use of up-to-date informational and deliberative tools to facilitate dialogue with a broader and more inclusive representation of citizens from different demographics is lacking. The perceptions of public officials towards citizen participation and their familiarity with participatory tools were found to be limited. They rarely consider citizen participation beyond their immediate stakeholders. In general, the National Environmental Policy process is closed to egalitarian forms of policy design that provide substantive opportunities wherein citizens, alongside with state actors, engage in rational deliberation policy design process. This should be reinforced by a pragmatic, rational, participatory, and evidence-based policy design approach to overcome the trust deficit caused by lack of representation and an effective deliberation.Dyondzo leyi yi kongomisiwile eka ku xopaxopa hi vukheta endlelo ro Dezayini Pholisi ya Rixaka ya Mbango na ku tekaxiave ka vaakitiko eEthiopia, na ku tumbuluxa rimba leri nga ta antswisa ku tekaxiave ka vaaki. Ekusunguleni, vumbhoni byo xopaxopa na byo kambisisa byi hleriwile ku kuma mimbulavulo ya nkoka hi pholisi ya mfumo na ku tekaxiave na ku kuma tindhawu leti dyondzo yi nga endlaka xiave xintshwa Hi ku hambana na tidyondzo totala ta nkarhi lowu hundzeke, dezayini ya ndzavisiso lowu hlanganisiweke yi tirhisiwile ku humesa vumbhoni byo tshembheka na lebyi faneleke, lebyi pfumelelaka nhlelo na nxopanxop lowu heleleke wa endlelo ro dezayini pholisi ya rixaka ya mbango na ku tekaxiave ka vaaki eEthiopia. Ndzavisiso wa nkambisiso wu kombisa leswaku timhaka ta nkoka tintshwa ta mbango ti kumile ku tekeriwa enhlokweni kukulukumba eka ajenda ya pholisi. Hambiswiritano, endlelo ro Dezayina Pholisi ya Mbango ya Rixaka ri lawuriwa hi endlelo ra mavonelo, ra engetelo na ra xiyimo xa le henhla ro dezayina pholisi, ku nga ri hi nxopanxopo lowu twisisekaka wa pholisi. Endlelo ro tumbuluxa na ku hlawula swihlawulekisi swa pholisi ri kayivela mbalango wa tipholisi tin'wana na vuhleri bya mimbuyelo ya tona, na swiboho leswi tekiwaka ehansi ka ntwisiso lowu pimiweke hi ku tirhisa nawu wa ntolovelo Dyondzo yi humesela erivaleni leswaku marimba yo hlayanyana ya nawu na pholisi ya rixaka na ya matiko ya misava ya tiyisisa timfanelo ta munhu na ta nhlanganelo eka vaakitiko ku va va tekaxiave hi xitalo eka endlelo ro dezayina pholisi. Hambiswiritano, tipholisi leti a ti hlamuseli hi ndlela ya le rivaleni mimpimo na swipimelo swa minimama na swiyenge leswi vutekaxiave bya vaaki byi nga ta tirhisiwa eka swona. Ku yisa emahlweni a ti tali ku tumbuluxa vutihlamuleri bya nawu bya matimba eka tiejensi ta mfumo leti onhaka swinawana leswi. Ku hambana na mfanelo ya vumbiwa, ku simekiwa ka xitiviso xa minhlangano ya vupfuni na minhlangano ya vaaki hi mfumo swi hungutile matimba na ku kavanyeta minhlangano ya vaaki ku suka eka ku sungula na ku seketela minongoloko ya vutekaxiave. Handle ka xikongomelo xo tihlanganisa na vaakitiko, ku tirhisiwa ka mahungu ya nkarhi wa sweswi na switirho swo kanela ku kondletela mbulavurisano na vuyimeri byo anama na byo katsa vaakitiko ku suka eka tidemogirafiki to hamnanahambana swa pfumaleka. Mavonelo ya vatirhi va mfumo eka ku tekaxiave ka vaakitiko na ku titoloveta ka vona switirho swo tekaxiave swi kumekile swi pimiwile. A va tali ku tekela enhlokweni ku tekaxiave ka vaakitiko ku tlula vakhumbheki va vona va le kusuhi. Hi ku angarhela, endlelo ra Pholisi ya Mbango ya Rixaka ri lava ku fana na tinxaka ta dezayini ya pholisi yo ringana leti nyikaka swivandlanene laha vaakitiko, xikan'we na vanghenisi va xandla va mfumo, va nghenelelaka eka nkanelo lowu twisisekaka.Public Administration and ManagementD. Phil. (Public Administration

Magnitude and associated factors of household food insecurity in Fedis Woreda East Hararghe zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia

Abstract Background Poverty and food insecurity remain as the major challenges to achieve economic development in Ethiopia. Explaining the household food insecurity situation and identifying associated factors will help in making better decision and resource allocation. This study aimed to determine the magnitude and identify the associated factors of household food insecurity in Fedis Woreda that has been affected by food insecurity for the quite time with a total population estimated to be 133,382 persons, of which the estimated urban population is 26,575 and estimated rural population is 127,877. The Woreda is in food deficit every year where the food gap is covered by food aid amounting to 15–25% for the poorest households of Ethiopia. Cross-sectional study was used to collect data on calorie availability at household level, demographic characteristics, socioeconomic factors and coping strategies from 743 households. Household food insecurity was obtained by comparing the total food calorie available for consumption in the household per adult equivalent to the minimum level of subsistence requirement per adult equivalent of 2200 kcal. Data were analyzed using Statistical Product and Service Solution. Binary logistic regression analysis is used to determine the association between dependent and independent variables. Results About 58% of the sampled households in the study area were food insecure. The binary logistics regression analysis identified educational status of the household head [AOR, 95% CI 0.59 (0.38–0.91)], annual farm income [AOR, 95% CI 0.44 (0.287–0.675)], sufficient crop production [AOR, 95% CI 0.45 (0.274–0.748)], dietary diversity [AOR, 95% CI 0.548 (0.382–0.786)] and oxen ownership [AOR, 95% CI 0.454 (0.323–0.639)] were the major factors inversely associated with food insecurity status. On the other hand, large family size [AOR, 95% CI 6.143 (2.40–15.0)], lower than average monthly off-farm income [AOR, 95% CI 1.85 (1.18–2.91)] and small land size [AOR, 95% CI 3.04 (2.04–4.52)] were increased the chance being food insecure household in the study area. Conclusions The findings imply that more than half of the community was food insecure where improvement in food security situation needs to promote family planning, undertake different income generating activities and improve access to farmer’s education. These areas could provide entry points for policy intervention to reduce food insecurity and create community livelihood opportunities

Dry Matter Yield and Nutritional Composition of Natural Pasture in East Gojjam Zone, Amhara Region

Next to crop production, rearing livestock in Ethiopia is essential for the community’s food and nutrition security. However, a major obstacle to global livestock production, particularly in Ethiopia, is a shortage of high-quality and sufficient livestock feed. Designing development plans and intervention options for both improving natural pasture and rearing livestock would require an evaluation of the natural pasture yield and nutritional composition. As a result, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the nutrient content and dry matter yield of natural pasture in the study areas. The study area was divided into highland, midland, and lowland agroecologies, and from each agroecology, protected and communal grazing areas were selected randomly. The results showed that the average dry matter yield, crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of natural pasture varied across agroecologies and between grazing sites. The average dry matter yields of natural pasture in highland, midland, and lowland agroecologies were about 1.60, 3.02, and 1.96 t/ha, respectively. The average dry matter yield in protected and communal grazing areas of natural pasture was about 2.70 and 1.69 t/ha, respectively. The crude protein content of the natural pasture was 7.12, 7.63, and 6.90% in the highlands, midlands, and lowlands, respectively. The crude protein content of the natural pasture in protected and communal grazing areas was 6.69 and 7.73%, respectively. In general, the dry matter yield and crude protein contents of natural pasture were low, which would have an effect on livestock productivity, and the overall NDF content of natural pasture was 65.9%, which is classified as low-quality feed and thus would have an impact on feed intake, digestibility, and livestock productivity

Underlining Basis for the National Environmental Policy Design in Ethiopia

This article focuses on Ethiopia’s National Environmental Policy design process. The research methodology entails a mixed research design to yield reliable and valid evidence, allowing for a comprehensive evaluation and analysis of the National Environmental Policy design process. The empirical investigation demonstrates that the National Environmental Policy in Ethiopia has been triggered by the inability of the policy to respond to the emergent environmental changes, and international environmental convention, and to harmonise with the restructured environmental sector. Although significant new environmental issues have been acknowledged higher on the policy agenda, the National Environmental Policy design process is dominated by the ideological, incremental, and elitist policy design approach rather than rational policy analysis. The policy option generation and selection process has not been conducted through generating the possible policy alternatives and weighing up their relative consequences, and decisions seem made under bound rationality using the rule of thumb guided by the ruling party policy and the overpromising intentions of international environmental conventions which affect the quality of the policy and the implementation thereof.Public Administration and Managemen

Numerical Study of High Spectral Efficiency and High-Temperature Energy Harvesting Metamaterial Emitter to Improve Thermophotovoltaic Performance

Design work was done on a broadband and wide-angle selective pyramid metamaterial emitter. COMSOL Multiphysics software was used to study the emitter, which was made of tungsten and aluminum nitride. The width of the unit cell and the tungsten ground thickness were fixed while other geometric parameters, such as the base length of the pyramid, the height of the pyramid, and the thickness of the dielectric, were tuned to produce the emitter’s desired broadband emission. A high average emissivity over 0.96 below the cutoff wavelength (0.1 μm-2.2 μm) was seen in the numerical simulation. The developed metamaterial emitter also had good emissivity across a broad range of incidence angles, from 0° to 60°, and was polarization independent. In addition, the planned emitter for the InGaAs cell has a better spectral efficiency than the blackbody other designed emitter. In general, the planned selective nanopyramid emitter was realized with 75% spectrum efficiency for InGaAs band gap energy (0.55 eV) at 1200 K, which was greater than blackbody and prior papers