Subjekti- ja vabadusekäsituse muutused Jean-Paul Sartre’i fenomenoloogias ja eksistentsialismis

Artikkel uurib muutusi ja arenguid Jean-Paul Sartre’i subjektikäsituses, mis leidsid aset tema fenomenoloogilise ja eksistentsialistliku mõtlemise perioodidel (kuni 50. aastate lõpuni), keskendudes valdavalt tema filosoofilistele töödele, rõhuasetusega subjekti üldist struktuuri puutuval problemaatikal. Suurimat tähelepanu pälvivad vabadusega seonduvad transformatsioonid, sest selles vallas on Sartre’i seisukohtade erinevused kõige märgatavamad ja ühtlasi kõige olulisemad, kuid jõudumööda pööratakse pilk ka nüansseeritumatele teisendustele. Artikkel tutvustab põgusalt nimetatud muutuste ja nende taga seisvate arengute sisu, püüab Sartre’i mõtlemise perioode klassifitseerida, loob võrdlusi varasemate ja hilisemate teoste vahel ning polemiseerib autoritega, kes modifikatsioonide tähtsust kas alahindavad või sootuks tähelepanuta jätavad. Kokkuvõttes jõutakse tõdemuseni, et paljudel hilisema Sartre’i poolt kasutatavatel mõistetel on varasemaga võrreldes üsna teistsugune tähendus ning need tähendusnihked annavad tunnistust sellest, et Sartre’i subjekti-filosoofias leidsid aset mõned üsna kardinaalsed, eriti just vabadust ja subjekti läbipaistvust puudutavad pöörded. Tarmo Tirol's article follows the development of Jean-Paul Sartre's theory of subjectivity and freedom in his phenomenological philosophy and in his early and middle period of existentialism. The main concern of this work is to examine noticeable (but also smaller yet significant) changes that took place in the development of Sartre's philosophy with respect to subjectivity, freedom, subject's general structure and its position in the world. Tirol's article studies and classifies the main contents of these modifications, compares Sartre's views in different works, and opposes to those views which claim that Sartre's philosophy did not significantly change. The article concludes that many concepts that Sartre is using later in describing subjectivity and subject's freedom imply some meaning changes compared with their earlier meanings; and this indicates that there were some noticeable shifts in Sartre's understanding, especially concerning subject's freedom and transparency

Subjectivity in Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialism

Tarmo Tiroli doktoritöö “Subjektiivsus Jean-Paul Sartre’i eksistentsialismis” uurib muutusi ja arenguid Sartre’i eksistentsialistlikus subjektikäsitluses ning annab subjektikäsitlusest ka ülevaate. Töö keskendub põhiliselt Sartre’i marksismieelsele (kuigi osalt siiski Marxist mõjutatud) filosoofiale ning fenomenoloogiale, mille põhjal Sartre oma eksistentsialistliku subjektiteooria välja arendas. Tähelepanu all on subjekt ja subjektiivsusega seotud teemad: ontoloogiline ja praktiline vabadus, eneseteadvus, autentsus, väärtused, subjekti struktuur, kujutlusvõime jne. Dissertatsioon vastandub erinevatele subjekti struktuuri puudutavatele väärtõlgendustele ning reduktisonistlike vaadetele, mille kohaselt Sartre’i subjektikäsitlus jäi alati sisuliselt alati samaks ning näitab, et selles toimus hulgaliselt nii väiksemaid transformatsioone, kuid ka mõningaid selliseid, mida oleks sobilik iseloomustada sõnadega “järsk” ja “radikaalne”. Tähtsaimad muutused hõlmavad Teise maailmasõja järgset perioodi ning puudutavad vabadusekäsitlust ning eneseteadvuse rolli modifitseerumist. Nihked subjektikäsitluses kätkevad endas ka Sartre’i filosoofia alusmõistete tähenduste teisenemisi, mistõttu pole põhjust eeldada, et Sartre peab oma filosoofikarjääri jooksul subjektiivsusega seonduvate mõistete all (vabadus, autentsus jne) alati silmas samu asju.Tarmo Tirol’s doctoral thesis Subjectivity in Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialism follows the development of Sartre's theory of subjectivity, starting from the primarily phenomenologically oriented earlier philosophy, from which existentialism arises and which already contains some elements of existentialism, and ending up right before Sartre's Critique, which is usually considered rather a Marxist work. The main concern of this work is to examine noticeable (but also smaller yet significant) changes that took place in the development of Sartre's earlier existentialism with respect to subjectivity. The question is where and when those modifications took place, what was the role and importance of those changes and how do they relate to the context of Sartre's philosophy overall. So, to a lesser extent this thesis presents Sartre's philosophy as a whole, including his self-interpretations, his theory of morality and even his literary criticism. Nonetheless, Tirol’s central interest lies in epistemological problems such as the structure of consciousness, self-consciousness, the development of consciousness as well as Sartre's theory of freedom. Tirol’s treatment of Sartre's philosophy is opposed to those views which claim that Sartre's philosophy did not significantly change. The doctoral thesis shows that one of the biggest shifts in Sartre's philosophy occurred in his post-war writings, and that there are also many remarkable changes in the late 1940s and in the early 1950s – a time when earlier existentialists' ontological and epistemological categories started to lose their weight and importance and in some cases (one might say) became inapplicable altogether

Towards an Inclusive and Sustainable Disaster Resiliency Model for Flood-Vulnerable Communities in Davao City, Southern Philippines

Development and disasters are closely linked, but the cause-andeffect relationship between the two has been ignored in the past. Thus, the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR) observed that disasters were seen in the context of emergency response and not as part of long-term development programming. Over time, effects of disasters can seriously degrade a country’s long-term potential for sustained development. Vulnerable communities of Davao City in the Southern Philippines has experienced flooding that led to catastrophic results such as damage to property and loss of lives. Communities need to build its resiliency to respond to flooding and mitigate its negative impacts, while policy makers and leaders need to consciously and regularly review and update its existing policies to address gaps and promote effective community engagement. This paper highlights the results from the quantitative phase of the study to examine and analyze the respondents’ vulnerability, awareness, and perception of flood risks. A survey using multistage cluster sampling was conducted among 353 respondents from the top 5 flood-vulnerable barangays. Data from the key informant interviews and focus group discussions were also integrated to provide an in-depth explanation of the patterns emerging from the survey. Results of the study revealed that the vulnerability is associated with sociodemographic characteristics, experience in flooding, and responses to flooding. Moreover, risk reduction strategies can be further enhanced through risk communication management using a localized and participatory approach in the proper knowledge transfer of flood risk communication among the stakeholders involved. Community-based policies and well-defined communication processes must be strengthened to promote inclusive approach towards effective community-based disaster preparedness and management