Tetra­ethyl­ammonium hexa­cyanidoferrate(III) bis­(diaqua­{6,6′-dimeth­oxy-2,2′-[o-phenyl­enebis(nitrilo­methyl­idyne)]diphenolato}manganese(III))–methanol–ethanol (1/2/2)

In the title compound, (C8H20N)[Mn(C22H18N2O4)(H2O)2][Fe(CN)6]·2CH3OH·2C2H5OH or [NEt4][Mn(3-Meosalophen)(H2O)2]2[Fe(CN)6]·2CH3OH·2C2H5OH, the asymmetric unit consists of one half of an [NEt4]+ cation disordered around a twofold axis, the [Mn(3-Meosalophen)(H2O)2]+ coordination cation, one half of a C 2 symmetric [Fe(CN)6]3− anion and disordered methanol and ethanol solvent mol­ecules that are equally populated at two different sites. The MnIII atom chelated by the 3-Meosalophen ligand adopts a slightly distorted MnN2O4 octa­hedral geometry with the coordination completed by two water mol­ecules. The [Mn(3-Meosalophen)(H2O)2]+ cations, [Fe(CN)6]3- anions and solvent mol­ecules are connected into a zigzag chain through hydrogen-bonding inter­actions

Dcr-1 Maintains Drosophila Ovarian Stem Cells

SummaryMicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression by controlling the turnover, translation, or both of specific mRNAs. In Drosophila, Dicer-1 (Dcr-1) is essential for generating mature miRNAs from their corresponding precursors. Because miRNAs are known to modulate developmental events, such as cell fate determination and maintenance in many species, we investigated whether a lack of Dcr-1 would affect the maintenance of stem cells (germline stem cells, GSCs; somatic stem cells, SSCs) in the Drosophila ovary by specifically removing its function from the stem cells. Our results show that dcr-1 mutant GSCs cannot be maintained and are lost rapidly from the niche without discernable features of cell death, indicating that Dcr-1 controls GSC self-renewal but not survival. bag of marbles (bam), the gene that encodes an important differentiating factor in the Drosophila germline, however, is not upregulated in dcr-1 mutant GSCs, and its removal does not slow down dcr-1 mutant GSC loss, suggesting that Dcr-1 controls GSC self-renewal by repressing a Bam-independent differentiation pathway. Furthermore, Dcr-1 is also essential for the maintenance of SSCs in the Drosophila ovary. Our data suggest that miRNAs produced by Dcr-1 are required for maintaining two types of stem cells in the Drosophila ovary

Semantic Instance Annotation of Street Scenes by 3D to 2D Label Transfer

Semantic annotations are vital for training models for object recognition, semantic segmentation or scene understanding. Unfortunately, pixelwise annotation of images at very large scale is labor-intensive and only little labeled data is available, particularly at instance level and for street scenes. In this paper, we propose to tackle this problem by lifting the semantic instance labeling task from 2D into 3D. Given reconstructions from stereo or laser data, we annotate static 3D scene elements with rough bounding primitives and develop a model which transfers this information into the image domain. We leverage our method to obtain 2D labels for a novel suburban video dataset which we have collected, resulting in 400k semantic and instance image annotations. A comparison of our method to state-of-the-art label transfer baselines reveals that 3D information enables more efficient annotation while at the same time resulting in improved accuracy and time-coherent labels.Comment: 10 pages in Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR), 201

catena-Poly[[(3-methyl­pyridine)­copper(I)]-μ-cyanido-copper(I)-μ-cyanido]

In the title complex, [Cu2(CN)2(C6H7N)]n, there are two copper atoms with different coordination environments. One Cu atom (Cu1) is linked to the two cyanide ligands, one N atom from a pyridine ring while the other (Cu2) is coordinated by the two cyanide ligands in a slightly distorted tetra­hedral geometry and linked to Cu1, forming a triangular coordination environment. The Cu atoms are bridged by bidentate cyanide ligands, forming an infinite Cu–CN chain. One cyanide ligand is equally disordered over two sets of sites, exchanging C and N atoms coordinated to both metal atoms. However, one cyanide group is not disordered and it coordinates to Cu1 via the N atom whereas its C-atom counterpart coordinates Cu2. The 3-methyl­pyridine (3MP) ligand coordinates through the N atom to Cu1 as a terminal ligand, which originates from decyanation of 3-pyridyl­acetonitrile under hydro­thermal conditions. Adjacent Cu–CN chains are inter­connected through Cu⋯Cu inter­actions [2.8364 (10) Å], forming a three-dimensional framework

Engineering thin films of magnetic alloys and semiconductor oxides at the nanoscale

The thesis aims to exploit properties of thin films for applications such as spintronics, UV detection and gas sensing. Nanoscale thin films devices have myriad advantages and compatibility with Si-based integrated circuits processes. Two distinct classes of material systems are investigated, namely ferromagnetic thin films and semiconductor oxides. To aid the designing of devices, the surface properties of the thin films were investigated by using electron and photon characterization techniques including Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). These are complemented by nanometer resolved local proximal probes such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), magnetic force microscopy (MFM), electric force microscopy (EFM), and scanning tunneling microscopy to elucidate the interplay between stoichiometry, morphology, chemical states, crystallization, magnetism, optical transparency, and electronic properties. Specifically, I studied the effect of annealing on the surface stoichiometry of the CoFeB/Cu system by in-situ AES and discovered that magnetic nanoparticles with controllable areal density can be produced. This is a good alternative for producing nanoparticles using a maskless process. Additionally, I studied the behavior of magnetic domain walls of the low coercivity alloy CoFeB patterned nanowires. MFM measurement with the in-plane magnetic field showed that, compared to their permalloy counterparts, CoFeB nanowires require a much smaller magnetization switching field , making them promising for low-power-consumption domain wall motion based devices. With oxides, I studied CuO nanoparticles on SnO2 based UV photodetectors (PDs), and discovered that they promote the responsivity by facilitating charge transfer with the formed nanoheterojunctions. I also demonstrated UV PDs with spectrally tunable photoresponse with the bandgap engineered ZnMgO. The bandgap of the alloyed ZnMgO thin films was tailored by varying the Mg contents and AES was demonstrated as a surface scientific approach to assess the alloying of ZnMgO. With gas sensors, I discovered the rf-sputtered anatase-TiO2 thin films for a selective and sensitive NO2 detection at room temperature, under UV illumination. The implementation of UV enhances the responsivity, response and recovery rate of the TiO2 sensor towards NO2 significantly. Evident from the high resolution XPS and AFM studies, the surface contamination and morphology of the thin films degrade the gas sensing response. I also demonstrated that surface additive metal nanoparticles on thin films can improve the response and the selectivity of oxide based sensors. I employed nanometer-scale scanning probe microscopy to study a novel gas senor scheme consisting of gallium nitride (GaN) nanowires with functionalizing oxides layer. The results suggested that AFM together with EFM is capable of discriminating low-conductive materials at the nanoscale, providing a nondestructive method to quantitatively relate sensing response to the surface morphology

Selektive Detektion von Hepatozyten und Sinusoidalen Leberendothelzellen in einem Zellsheetlayersystem durch Antikörper-basierte Immunfluoreszenz

Humane primäre Hepatozyten werden häufig zur Untersuchung von Arzneimitteltoxizitäten, Arzneimittel-Clearance und Arzneimittel-Wechselwirkungen verwendet. Aufgrund der schnellen Dedifferenzierung der Zellen in zweidimensionalen Kulturen geht der Leberphänotyp und die Leberfunktion verloren und eine langfristige Kultivierung ist nicht möglich. Aus diesem Grund werden häufig 3D- Zellkultursysteme verwendet, die die in vivo Leberphysiologie besser imitieren können. In der Arbeitsgruppe wurde ein Zellsheetlayersystem (CSL) entwickelt, welche Leberläppchen nachahmen und mit Hepatozyten und sinuosidalen Leberendothelzellen besiedelt werden können. Die Herstellung erfolgt durch die 3D-µcontact-printing-Methode. Das Kultivieren von Zellen in diesen dreidimensionalen Strukturen kann zu phänotypischen und funktionellen Verbesserungen bei den kokultivierten Zelltypen führen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Bachelorarbeit war die Entwicklung einer Antikörper-basierten Immunfluoreszenzdetektionsmethode, durch die Hepatozyten und sinuosidale Leberendothelzellen (LSECs) auf einem Zell-Sheet-Layer-System (cell-sheet-layer, CSL) durch Farbstoff-markierte Antikörper und Laserscanningmikroskopie selektiv detektiert werden können. Dies dient zur besseren Charakterisierung des Zellsheetlayer-Kokultursystems. Zu diesem Zweck wurden primäre upcyte® Hepatozyten (pHeps) und primäre upcyte® LSECs verwendet, welche aufgrund gentechnischer Modifikationen länger proliferieren können. Mit der 3D-µ-contact-printing-Methode wurden Zellsheetlayer hergestellt. Verschiedene Antikörper (AK)-Kombinationen wurden getestet und die Immunfluoreszenzdetektionsmethode konnte erfolgreich mit einem monoklonalem anti-Albumin-AK zur Detektion der Hepatozyten sowie einem monoklonalem anti CD31-AK zur Detektion der LSECs in einer 2D-Kokultur etabliert werden. Zuvor konnte gezeigt werden, dass die selektive Detektion der Hepatozyten und LSECs mit folgenden AK-Kombinationen nicht möglich war: polyklonaler anti Albumin AK (Heps)/ monoklonaler anti CD31-AK (LSECs) und monoklonaler anti AAT-1-AK (Heps)/ monoklonaler anti CD31-AK (LSECs). Der Grund hierfür waren jeweils unspezifische Bindungen der AK an beide Zelltypen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass bei der selektiven Detektion von verschiedenen Zelltypen in einem Kokultursystem auf Unspezifität der verwendeten AK geachtet werden muss und die spezifischen Antigene sorgfältig ausgewählt werden müssen.Human primary hepatocytes are often used to study drug toxicities, drug clearance and drug interactions. Due to the rapid dedifferentiation of cells in two-dimensional cultures, the liver phenotype and liver function are lost and long-term cultivation is not possible. For this reason, 3D cell culture systems are often used to imitate the in vivo liver physiology. In our team a cell sheet layer system (CSL) was developed, which mimics liver lobules and can be colonized with hepatocytes and liver sinuosidal endothelial cells. The production is done by the 3D-µcontact-printing method. The cultivation of cells in these three-dimensional structures can lead to phenotypic and functional improvements in the co-cultured cell types. The aim of the present bachelor thesis was the development of an antibody-based immunofluorescence detection method for the selective detection of hepatocytes and liver sinuosidal endothelial cells (LSECs) on a cell-sheet-layer (CSL) system using dye-labelled antibodies and laser scanning microscopy. With this technique the cell sheet layer-coculture system can be better characterized. For this purpose, primary upcyte® hepatocytes (pHeps) and primary upcyte® LSECs were used, which can proliferate longer due to genetic modifications. Cell sheet layers were produced using the 3D µ-contact-printing method. Various antibody (Ab) combinations were tested and the immunofluorescence detection method was successfully established with a monoclonal anti-albumin-Ab for hepatocyte detection and a monoclonal anti-CD31-Ab for LSEC detection in a 2D coculture. Previously it was shown that selective detection of hepatocytes and LSECs was not possible with the following Ab combinations: polyclonal anti albumin Ab (Heps)/ monoclonal anti CD31-Ab (LSECs) and monoclonal anti AAT-1-Ab (Heps)/ monoclonal anti CD31-Ab (LSECs). This was due to unspecific binding of Abs to both cell types. The results show that the non-specificity of a Ab must always be tested in a coculture system to selectively detect different cell types in a coculture system and in addition, antigens must be carefully selected

Research on Strategic selection of Chinese Commercial Banks under the Entry of Foreign Banks

The foreign banks have the fully market access and the limitations on arena and customer will be totally eliminated since December 11th, 2006. The foreign banks have intense competition on arena, customer, human resources and other fields with Chinese commercial banks. Therefore, it is a principle question of how to select strategies. This thesis analyses the current development situation of foreign banks. The study also research the impact of the foreign banks' entry on Chinese commercial banks and the corresponding responses on strategies carry out by Chinese banks. This report has been divided into five sections. The first section is to indicate the objective of the research and give an introduction of the background of Chinese market and the Chinese commercial banks by using the SWOT analysis. The second section is literature. It includes the motivation of foreign banks' entry, the effect on Chinese banks, the forms of their entry as well as some strategies of banks. The third section describes the research methodology. It includes the research design both in primary and secondary, and it also point out the weaknesses of the research. Finding and analysis are written in the forth section. Here presents the findings that are collected during the research. And also link theories to practice. The last section is the conclusion and recommendations about the strategies carried out by the Chinese banks (including analysis and evaluation)