Square Pegs and Round Holes: Fitting Modern Title into Traditional Societies in Indonesia

In Indonesia, diverse interests in land recognised by dozens, maybe hundreds, of different adat (traditional customary legal systems) coexist with a Dutch-derived system of land title. The most problematic adat interest is traditional communal title, or hak ulayat. Indonesia\u27s New Order government sees adat rights—and hak ulayat in particular—as incompatible with the demands of economic development. Although some adat rights are recognised in the key statute regulating interests in land, the Basic Agrarian Law, the New Order government has systematically subverted the standing of adat. Likewise, the land registration system has become a corrupt failure, with the consequence that only around ten percent of all rural land is registered. Generally speaking, adat title is vulnerable to arbitrary confiscation by the state and land disputes have become highly politicised. While the Land Administration Project, funded by foreign donors, aims to encourage increased registration and protect adat landholders, it does not take into account the reality of political exploitation of traditional rights in Indonesia. There is a real danger that it will compound the problems of these landholders and hasten the demise of traditional land laws that are well suited to a plural society with diverse traditional communities

Twenty Years of Human-Grizzly Bear Conflict Management in Northwest Montana

This paper examines and summarizes twenty years of human-grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) conflicts and management actions in northwest Montana from 1993 through 2012. Initial responses to the reported conflicts usually involved identifying the attractant and securing or removing the attractant. In many situations, the decision was made to trap and capture the grizzly bear. A total of 193 individual grizzly bears were captured 344 times in management actions which ranged from grizzly bears frequenting yards to grizzly bears breaking into cabins. When grizzly bears were captured their fate depended upon their age, sex, level of conflict, and classification based on the Interagency Grizzly Bear Guidelines. Grizzly bears were released on-site, translocated, or removed from the population. Translocations included long distance out of home range moves to short distance moves within the home range. Aversive conditioning techniques were tried involving the use of bean bag and rubber bullet rounds, cracker shells, and Karelian Bear dogs. New technology such as remote cameras, automated traps, and use of DNA were also used on this project. The success or failure of the different management actions is discussed and recommendations are made for future human-grizzly bear conflict management actions

Partial Psychiatric Hospitalization Program Availability in Non-Metropolitan and Metropolitan Hospitals Nationally

Overview of Key Findings Partial psychiatric hospitalization programs (PPHPs) are intended to reduce or avoid inpatient stays by allowing patients to reside at home while receiving intensive psychiatric services in outpatient settings. A significantly smaller proportion of non-metropolitan than metropolitan hospitals offer PPHPs. 11.4% of non-metropolitan compared to 38.7% of metropolitan hospitals offer PPHPs. Regardless of location, hospitals that offer PPHPs have higher patient volumes and more beds than hospitals that offer PPHPs through affiliated providers or do not offer PPHPs at all

Abnormal infant islet morphology precedes insulin resistance in PCOS-like monkeys.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is prevalent in reproductive-aged women and confounded by metabolic morbidities, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Although the etiology of PCOS is undefined, contribution of prenatal androgen (PA) exposure has been proposed in a rhesus monkey model as premenopausal PA female adults have PCOS-like phenotypes in addition to insulin resistance and decreased glucose tolerance. PA female infants exhibit relative hyperinsulinemia, suggesting prenatal sequelae of androgen excess on glucose metabolism and an antecedent to future metabolic disease. We assessed consequences of PA exposure on pancreatic islet morphology to identify evidence of programming on islet development. Islet counts and size were quantified and correlated with data from intravenous glucose tolerance tests (ivGTT) obtained from dams and their offspring. Average islet size was decreased in PA female infants along with corresponding increases in islet number, while islet fractional area was preserved. Infants also demonstrated an increase in both the proliferation marker Ki67 within islets and the beta to alpha cell ratio suggestive of enhanced beta cell expansion. PA adult females have reduced proportion of small islets without changes in proliferative or apoptotic markers, or in beta to alpha cell ratios. Together, these data suggest in utero androgen excess combined with mild maternal glucose intolerance alter infant and adult islet morphology, implicating deviant islet development. Marked infant, but subtle adult, morphological differences provide evidence of islet post-natal plasticity in adapting to changing physiologic demands: from insulin sensitivity and relative hypersecretion to insulin resistance and diminished insulin response to glucose in the mature PCOS-like phenotype

THE IMPLICATIONS OF A NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AREA FOR AGRICULTURE

This is one of two papers commissioned by the International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium on various aspects related to the agricultural sector of a prospective North American Free Trade Agreement. The companion paper to this one has been prepared by a working group chaired by Thomas Grennes, North Carolina State University. To minimize duplication with the Grennes paper, this paper has given greater attention to the general trade policy issues raised by a NAFTA, institutional factors, additional commodity detail in cereals, fruit and vegetables, and the relevance of other regional trade agreements such as the Canada-U.S. Trade Agreement. This work has also benefitted from an earlier report and its annexes, prepared for the Fraser Institute, under the direction of Tim Josling.International Relations/Trade,

Oil Waste Reduction and Recycling Pilot Test

Triad Engineering under the direction of the Illinois Hazardous Waste Research and Information Center (HWRIC) conducted a study comparing ultrafiltration and vapor recompression recovery technologies on the water soluble die lubricant (die lube) waste produced at the OMC Waukegan facility. Water soluble die lube waste disposal represents an annual disposal expense of approximately 123,000 dollars. A side-by-side comparison of ultrafiltration technology and vapor recompression technology was conducted for a period of 25 days. This period of time was considered adequate to evaluate both technologies' ability to perform under normal production conditions. The permeate quality from the ultrafiltration system was generally somewhat poorer than the condensate from the vapor recompression system. However, field trials utilizing both permeate and condensate from the systems indicated they could be used in the water soluble die lube make up process. Biological growth and sulfide odors would be a problem with both systems. The capital costs and operation and maintenance costs of the ultrafiltration system are slightly lower than the vapor recompression system for this application. A single sample was also collected and evaluated using atmospheric evaporation. The capital costs and operating costs for an atmospheric evaporation system are higher than either the ultrafiltration or the vapor recompression system, primarily due to the addition of a condenser system to recover distillate. The payback period for the ultrafiltration system would be 1.19 years with an annual savings after payback of 90,275 dollars per year. The payback period for the vapor recompression system would be 1.48 years with an annual savings after payback of 77,900 dollars per year. The estimated payback period for the atmospheric evaporator system would be 1.51 years with an annual savings after payback of 56,200 dollars per year.HWRIC Project Number RRT-17Ope

Neuromuscular Alterations After Ankle Sprains: An Animal Model to Establish Causal Links After Injury

Context: The mechanisms that contribute to the development of chronic ankle instability are not understood. Investigators have developed a hypothetical model in which neuromuscular alterations that stem from damaged ankle ligaments are thought to affect periarticular and proximal muscle activity. However, the retrospective nature of these studies does not allow a causal link to be established. Objective: To assess temporal alterations in the activity of 2 periarticular muscles of the rat ankle and 2 proximal muscles of the rat hind limb after an ankle sprain. Design: Controlled laboratory study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Five healthy adult male Long Evans rats (age = 16 weeks, mass = 400.0 ± 13.5 g). Intervention(s): Indwelling fine-wire electromyography (EMG) electrodes were implanted surgically into the biceps femoris, medial gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis, and tibialis anterior muscles of the rats. We recorded baseline EMG measurements while the rats walked on a motor-driven treadmill and then induced a closed lateral ankle sprain by overextending the lateral ankle ligaments. After ankle sprain, the rats were placed on the treadmill every 24 hours for 7 days, and we recorded postsprain EMG data. Main Outcome Measure(s): Onset time of muscle activity, phase duration, sample entropy, and minimal detectable change (MDC) were assessed and compared with baseline using 2-tailed dependent t tests. Results: Compared with baseline, delayed onset time of muscle activity was exhibited in the biceps femoris (baseline = −16.7 ± 54.0 milliseconds [ms]) on day 0 (5.2 ± 64.1 ms; t4 = −4.655, P = .043) and tibialis anterior (baseline = 307.0 ± 64.2 ms) muscles on day 3 (362.5 ± 55.9 ms; t4 = −5.427, P = .03) and day 6 (357.3 ± 39.6 ms; t4 = −3.802, P = .02). Longer phase durations were observed for the vastus lateralis (baseline = 321.9 ± 92.6 ms) on day 3 (401.3 ± 101.2 ms; t3 = −4.001, P = .03), day 4 (404.1 ± 93.0 ms; t3 = −3.320, P = .048), and day 5 (364.6 ± 105.2 ms; t3 = −3.963, P = .03) and for the tibialis anterior (baseline = 103.9 ± 16.4 ms) on day 4 (154.9 ± 7.8 ms; t3 = −4.331, P = .050) and day 6 (141.9 ± 16.2 ms; t3 = −3.441, P = .03). After sprain, greater sample entropy was found for the vastus lateralis (baseline = 0.7 ± 0.3) on day 6 (0.9 ± 0.4; t4 = −3.481, P = .03) and day 7 (0.9 ± 0.3; t4 = −2.637, P = .050) and for the tibialis anterior (baseline = 0.6 ± 0.4) on day 4 (0.9 ± 0.5; t4 = −3.224, P = .03). The MDC analysis revealed increased sample entropy values for the vastus lateralis and tibialis anterior. Conclusions: Manually inducing an ankle sprain in a rat by overextending the lateral ankle ligaments altered the complexity of muscle-activation patterns, and the alterations exceeded the MDC of the baseline data

Understanding and eliminating spurious modes in variational Monte Carlo using collective variables

The use of neural network parametrizations to represent the ground state in variational Monte Carlo (VMC) calculations has generated intense interest in recent years. However, as we demonstrate in the context of the periodic Heisenberg spin chain, this approach can produce unreliable wave function approximations. One of the most obvious signs of failure is the occurrence of random, persistent spikes in the energy estimate during training. These energy spikes are caused by regions of configuration space that are over-represented by the wave function density, which are called ``spurious modes'' in the machine learning literature. After exploring these spurious modes in detail, we demonstrate that a collective-variable-based penalization yields a substantially more robust training procedure, preventing the formation of spurious modes and improving the accuracy of energy estimates. Because the penalization scheme is cheap to implement and is not specific to the particular model studied here, it can be extended to other applications of VMC where a reasonable choice of collective variable is available.Comment: 12 pages, 13 figure