14 research outputs found
Granulocyte-targeted therapies for airway diseases
The average respiration rate for an adult is 12-20 breaths per minute, which constantly exposes the lungs to allergens and harmful particles. As a result, respiratory diseases, which includes asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and acute lower respiratory tract infections (LTRI), are a major cause of death worldwide. Although asthma, COPD and LTRI are distinctly different diseases with separate mechanisms of disease progression, they do share a common feature – airway inflammation with intense recruitment and activation of granulocytes and mast cells. Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells are crucial players in host defense against pathogens and maintenance of lung homeostasis. Upon contact with harmful particles, part of the pulmonary defense mechanism is to recruit these cells into the airways. Despite their protective nature, overactivation or accumulation of granulocytes and mast cells in the lungs results in unwanted chronic airway inflammation and damage. As such, understanding the bright and the dark side of these leukocytes in lung physiology paves the way for the development of therapies targeting this important mechanism of disease. Here we discuss the role of granulocytes in respiratory diseases and summarize therapeutic strategies focused on granulocyte recruitment and activation in the lungs
Extracellular Ca2+ transients affect poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate regulation by the AtoS-AtoC system in Escherichia coli
Journal URL: http://www.biochemj.org/bj/default.htmEscherichia coli is exposed to wide extracellular concentrations of Ca2+, whereas the cytosolic levels of the ion are subject to stringent control and are implicated in many physiological functions. The present study shows that extracellularCa2+ controls cPHB [complexed poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate] biosynthesis through the AtoS-AtoC two-component system. Maximal cPHB accumulation was observed at higher [Ca2+]e (extracellular Ca2+ concentration) in AtoS-AtoC-expressing E. coli compared with their _atoSC counterparts, in both cytosolic and membrane fractions. The reversal of EGTA-mediated down-regulation of cPHB biosynthesis by the addition of Ca2+ and Mg2+ was under the control of the AtoS-AtoC system.Moreover, the Ca2+-channel blocker verapamil reduced total and membrane-bound cPHB levels, the inhibitory effect being circumvented by Ca2+ addition only in atoSC+ bacteria. Histamine and compound 48/80 affected cPHB accumulation in a [Ca2+]e-dependent manner directed by theAtoS-AtoC system. In conclusion, these data provide evidence for the involvement of external Ca2+ on cPHB synthesis regulated by the AtoS-AtoC two-component system, thus linking Ca2+ with a signal transduction system, most probably through a transporter. Key words: AtoS-AtoC two-component system, atoDAEB, calcium, calcium channel blocker, histamine, poly-(R)-3- hydroxybutyrate
Histamine in two component system-mediated bacterial signaling
Histamine is a key mediator governing vital cellular processes in
mammals beyond its decisive role in inflammation. Recent evidence
implies additional actions in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. Besides
its function in host defense against bacterial infections, histamine
elicits largely undefined actions in microorganisms that may contribute
to bacteria-host interactions. Bacterial proliferation and adaptation
are governed by sophisticated signal transduction networks, including
the versatile two-component systems (TCSs) that comprise sensor
histidine kinases and response regulators and rely on phosphotransfer
mechanisms to exert their modulatory function. The AtoSC TCS regulates
fundamental cellular processes such as short-chain fatty acid
metabolism, poly-(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate (cPHB) biosynthesis and
chemotaxis in Escherichia coli. The implication of exogenous histamine
in the AtoSC-mediated cPHB biosynthesis and in E. coli chemotactic
behavior is indicative of a putative function of histamine in bacterial
physiology. The data raise questions on the significance of histamine
actions in bacteria-host symbiosis, dysbiosis and pathogenicity as well
as on the possible consequences upon therapeutic administration of
histamine receptor-targeting agents and in particular ligands of the
recently identified immunomodulatory H-4 receptor
Histamine Pharmacology and New CNS Drug Targets
During the last decade, the identification of a number of novel drug
targets led to the development of promising new compounds which are
currently under evaluation for their therapeutic prospective in CNS
related disorders. Besides the established pleiotropic regulatory
functions in the periphery, the interest in the potential homeostatic
role of histamine in the brain was revived following the identification
of H3 and H4 receptors some years ago. Complementing classical CNS
pharmacology, the development of selective histamine receptor agonists,
antagonists, and inverse agonists provides the lead for the potential
exploitation of the histaminergic system in the treatment of brain
pathologies. Although no CNS disease entity has been associated directly
to brain histamine dysfunction until now, the H3 receptor is recognized
as a drug target for neuropathic pain, sleep-wake disorders, including
narcolepsy, and cognitive impairment associated with attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimers, or Parkinson’s
disease, while the first H3 receptor ligands have already entered phase
IIII clinical trials. Interestingly, the localization of the
immunomodulatory H4 receptor in the nervous system exposes attractive
perspectives for the therapeutic exploitation of this new drug target in
neuroimmunopharmacology. This review focuses on a concise presentation
of the current translational research approach that exploits the latest
advances in histamine pharmacology for the development of beneficial
drug targets for the treatment of neuronal disorders, such as
neuropathic pain, cognitive, and sleep-wake pathologies. Furthermore,
the role of the brain histaminergic system(s) in neuroprotection and
neuroimmunology/inflammation remains a challenging research area that is
currently under consideration
Histamine Involvement in Visual Development and Adaptation
PURPOSE. This study evaluated the level of histamine in the interaction
between the environment and the visual system during lifespan
development, exploring potential sex differences.
METHODS. Male and female Wistar rats, reared in standard laboratory or
enriched-environment cages from birth to prepuberty or adulthood, were
sacrificed during the critical period for visual development at
postnatal day (P) 25 (P25) or in adulthood at P90. Additionally, animals
born in standard conditions were exposed to an enriched environment at
P90 and sacrificed at P150. The optic chiasm and the visual cortex were
dissected out and tissue histamine was quantified fluorophotometrically.
Statistical analyses were performed by ANOVA.
RESULTS. Histamine levels in the optic chiasm were higher in male than
in female rats at all ages. Comparable sex differences in the visual
cortex were observed only during prepuberty. Basal histamine content in
the optic chiasm was higher in prepuberty and decreased in adulthood in
a sex-independent manner. Exposure to an enriched environment decreased
optic chiasm histamine levels in both sexes and resulted in no sex
difference in the cortical histamine levels at any age. Increased amine
levels were detected in the optic chiasm of female rats exposed to an
enriched environment during adulthood.
CONCLUSIONS. This study presents first evidence associating central
histamine levels with the visual system development and environmental
adaptation, thus providing the lead for the investigation of the
hitherto elusive role of histamine in the regulation of visual
processes. Furthermore, the findings challenge the impact of laboratory
animal raising environments in developmental and behavioral studies.
(Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012; 53: 7498-7503)
DOI:10.1167/iovs.12-1080
DERMANYSSUS GALLINAE and its public Health consequences
The poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, is best known as a threat to the laying hen industry, adversely affecting hen health and welfare
through both its feeding behavior and role as disease vector. However, due to its genetic plasticity, PRM attacks wild and synanthropic birds as well
and, more importantly, has consequences in non-avian hosts, particularly humans. Poultry workers, farmers, technicians and veterinarians are most
at risk for dermanyssosis and the inclusion of PRM as an occupational hazard has been recommended. In the mean time, reports of dermatological
complaints have increased in frequency, in several countries, including residential town settings (private homes, hospitals, public offices), typically
linked to nearby feral (pigeons, sparrows, etc.) (mostly recently-abandoned) birds’ nests. Attacks of D. gallinae to humans cause pruritus, skin lesions
characterized by small erythematous papules -mostly concentrated on arms, hands, chest, legs - which are often misdiagnosed by medical clinicians.
The medical significance of dermanyssosis is exacerbated by the potential of the PRM to carry and transmit zoonotic diseases of both bacterial and
viral origin. Additionally, in the poultry farm context, since chemicals are still the dominant means of PRM control, they may have adverse effects on
humans, both directly, for workers exposed to chemicals and indirectly through consumption of poultry meat and eggs containing pesticide residues.
The recent scandal on the use of an unlicensed product (fipronil) provides clear evidence of such risk. The CoReMi COST Action also focuses on
the One Health paradigm, aimed to encourage interactions and exchange information among medical practitioners, environmentalists, veterinarians,
academics, industrial researchers, and promoting actions for an increase awareness of D. gallinae infestations in humans, mite identification,
development of diagnostic tools, advance and use of non-chemicals control measures, in order to limit the consequences of D. gallinae and safeguard
animal, human and environmental health.
The authors wish to thank the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST Action (FA1404 - COREMI)“Improving current understanding
and research for sustainable control of the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae”)
Mast cells contribute to the resolution of allergic inflammation by releasing resolvin D1
Background: Mast cells are initiators and main effectors of allergic inflammation, together with eosinophils, with whom they can interact in a physical and soluble cross-talk with marked pro-inflammatory features, the Allergic Effector Unit. The pro-resolution role of mast cells, alone or in co-culture with eosinophils, has not been characterized yet. Objectives: We aimed to investigate select pro-resolution pathways in mast cells in vitro and in vivo in allergic inflammation. Methods: In vitro, we employed human and murine mast cells and analyzed release of resolvin D1 and expression of 15-lipoxygenase after IgE-mediated activation. We performed co-culture of IgE-activated mast cells with peripheral blood eosinophils and investigated 15-lipoxygenase expression and Resolvin D1 release. In vivo, we performed Ovalbumin/Alum and Ovalbumin/S. aureus enterotoxin B allergic peritonitis model in Wild Type mice following a MC “overshoot” protocol. Results: We found that IgE-activated mast cells release significant amounts of resolvin D1 30 min after activation, while 15-lipoxygenase expression remained unchanged. Resolvin D1 release was found to be decreased in IgE-activated mast cells co-cultured with peripheral blood eosinophils for 30 min In vivo, mast cell-overshoot mice exhibited a trend of reduced inflammation, together with increased peritoneal resolvin D1 release. Conclusions: Mast cells can actively contribute to resolution of allergic inflammation by releasing resolvin D1