69 research outputs found
Підтексти драм Лесі Українки
У драмах Лесі Українки має місце діалог з культурою декадансу, який увиразнює тематику меланхолії та похідних від неї мотивів усамітнення, небуття, долі, жертви.In Lesya Ukrainka’s dramas the dialogue with the culture of decadence is conducted that entails the prominent place of the theme of melancholy and the derivative motifs of solitude, non-existence, fate, martyr
First-Digit Law in Nonextensive Statistics
Nonextensive statistics, characterized by a nonextensive parameter , is a
promising and practically useful generalization of the Boltzmann statistics to
describe power-law behaviors from physical and social observations. We here
explore the unevenness of the first digit distribution of nonextensive
statistics analytically and numerically. We find that the first-digit
distribution follows Benford's law and fluctuates slightly in a periodical
manner with respect to the logarithm of the temperature. The fluctuation
decreases when increases, and the result converges to Benford's law exactly
as approaches 2. The relevant regularities between nonextensive statistics
and Benford's law are also presented and discussed.Comment: 11 pages, 3 figures, published in Phys. Rev.
Natural and human influences on the link between meteorological and hydrological drought indices for a large set of catchments in the contiguous United States
Precipitation‐based drought indices are most commonly used in drought monitoring and early warning systems whereas impacts of drought are often related to other domains of the hydrological cycle such as streamflow. Precipitation droughts do not always coincide with streamflow droughts, as the propagation from precipitation to streamflow is affected by climate, catchment properties and human influences. For monitoring in ungauged catchments it is the question to what extent drought indices solely based on precipitation or other (more recently developed) meteorological drought indices that include evaporation or snowmelt, have a stronger correlation with streamflow and whether this correlation is weaker in catchments where streamflow is altered by human influences. Results of a correlation exercise between various meteorological drought indices and streamflow showed that the strongest correlation was often found for meteorological drought indices that include evaporation (especially in drier climates) or snow processes (especially in colder climates). Most catchments with an indicated presence of human influences showed a maximum correlation between meteorological drought indices and streamflow that was comparable in strength to the same correlation for catchments with near‐natural flow. However, up to 15% of catchments with human‐influenced streamflow records show weaker correlations. Drought indices derived from these influenced records with a weaker correlation do not necessarily correspond to reported drought impacts. In conclusion, knowing which meteorological drought index has the strongest correlation with streamflow in different climate zones has the potential of improving large‐scale drought monitoring and early warning systems in ungauged areas or regions that lack real‐time streamflow availability
Controls on hydrologic drought duration in near-natural streamflow in Europe and the USA
Climate classification systems, such as Köppen–Geiger and the aridity
index, are used in large-scale drought studies to stratify regions with
similar hydro-climatic drought properties. What is currently lacking is
a large-scale evaluation of the relation between climate and observed
streamflow drought characteristics. In this study we explored how suitable
common climate classifications are for differentiating catchments according
to their characteristic hydrologic drought duration and whether drought
durations within the same climate classes are comparable between different
regions. This study uses a dataset of 808 near-natural streamflow records
from Europe and the USA to answer these questions. First, we grouped drought
duration distributions of each record over different classes of four climate
classification systems and five individual climate and catchment controls.
Then, we compared these drought duration distributions of all classes within
each climate classification system or classification based on individual
controls. Results showed that climate classification systems that include
absolute precipitation in their classification scheme (e.g., the aridity
index) are most suitable for differentiating catchments according to drought
duration. However, differences in duration distributions were found for the
same climate classes in Europe and the USA. These differences are likely
caused by differences in precipitation, in catchment controls as expressed by
the base flow index and in differences in climate beyond the total water
balance (e.g., seasonality in precipitation), which have been shown to exert
a control on drought duration as well. Climate classification systems that
include an absolute precipitation control can be tailored to drought
monitoring and early warning systems for Europe and the USA to define regions
with different sensitivities to hydrologic droughts, which, for example, have
been found to be higher in catchments with a low aridity index. However,
stratification of catchments according to these climate classification
systems is likely to be complemented with information of other climate
classification systems (Köppen–Geiger) and individual climate and
catchment controls (precipitation and the base flow index), especially in
a comparative study between Europe and the USA
The effect of climate on droughts and their propagation in different parts of the hydrological cycle
The effect of climate on droughts and their propagation in different parts of the hydrological cycle
How climate seasonality modifies drought duration and deficit
Drought propagation through the terrestrial hydrological cycle is associated with a change in drought characteristics (duration and deficit), moving from precipitation via soil moisture to discharge. Here we investigate climate controls on drought propagation with a modeling experiment in 1271 virtual catchments that differ only in climate type. For these virtual catchments we studied the bivariate distribution of drought duration and standardized deficit for the variables precipitation, soil moisture, and discharge. We found that for meteorological drought (below-normal precipitation), the bivariate distributions of drought characteristics have a linear shape in all climates and are thus not affected by seasonality in climate. Despite the linear shape of meteorological drought, soil moisture drought (below-normal storage in the unsaturated zone) and hydrological drought (below-normal water availability in aquifers, lakes, and/or streams) show strongly nonlinear shapes in drought characteristics in climates with a pronounced seasonal cycle in precipitation and/or temperature. These seasonality effects on drought propagation are found in monsoonal, savannah, and Mediterranean climate zones. In these regions, both soil moisture and discharge show deviating shapes in drought characteristics. The effect of seasonality on drought propagation is even stronger in cold seasonal climates (i.e., at high latitudes and altitudes), where snow accumulation during winter prevents recovery from summer hydrological drought, and deficit increases strongly with duration. This has important implications for water resources management in seasonal climates, which cannot solely rely on meteorology-based indices as proxies for hydrological drought duration and deficit and need to include seasonal variation in both precipitation and temperature in hydrological drought forecasting
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