Prinos zelene mase, sjemena i ostalih komponenata uroda stočnog graška (Pisum sativum L.) u zavisnosti od agroekoloških uvjeta i starosti sjemena

The goal of the research was to determine the influence of two locations (Osijek and Vinkovci) and seed age on field germination, vegetative mass and dry matter of vegetative mass yields, grain yield, 1000 grain weight and grain crude protein yield of foreign spring field pea cultivar (Timo) during two successive years (2004 and 2005). The year has significantly influenced the grain yield, and the location influenced the grain yield and 1000 grain weight. In the first year of research, the greater grain yield by 70 % was accomplished on Osijek location, and in the second year it almost doubled. 1000 grain weight was by 19 % greater in the second year of research on Osijek location in relation to Vinkovci location. The same cultivar seed stored for 9 and 21 months were sown on both locations in the second year of investigation. Field germination of 9 month old seed was for 12.1 % greater than 21 month old seed. Seed maturity and location interaction was significant (p=0.05) for vegetative mass yield, dry matter of vegetative mass yield, grain yield and grain crude protein yield.Tijekom 2004. i 2005. godine istraživan je utjecaj agroekoloških uvjeta i starosti sjemena na poljsko nicanje, prinos zelene mase i suhe tvari nadzemne vegetativne mase, prinos zrna, masu 1000 zrna i prinos sirovih bjelančevina zrna inozemnog jarog stočnog kultivara graška (Timo) na dvije lokacije istočne Hrvatske (Osijek i Vinkovci). Godina je značajno utjecala na prinos zrna, a lokacija na prinos i masu 1000 zrna. U prvoj godini istraživanja ostvaren je za 70 % viši prinos zrna na lokaciji Vinkovci, dok je u drugoj godini gotovo dvostruko viši prinos zrna ostvaren na lokaciji Osijek. Masa 1000 zrna u drugoj godini istraživanja bila je za 19 % veća na lokaciji Osijek, a interakcija godine i lokacije značajna. Sjeme istog kultivara skladišteno 9 i 21 mjesec posijano je na obje lokacije u drugoj godini istraživanja. Poljsko nicanje sjemena starog 9 mjeseci bilo je za 12,1 % više od poljskog nicanja sjemena starog 21 mjesec na obje lokacije. Interakcija starosti sjemena i lokacije bila je značajna (p=0,05) za prinos zelene mase i suhe tvari nadzemne vegetativne mase, prinos zrna, te prinos sirovih bjelančevina zrna

RAZINE LIPIDNE PEROKSIDACIJE U DIJELOVIMA SJEMENA SOJE (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) KAO POSLJEDICA STRESA PRI USVAJANJU VODE

High rainfall and rapid water uptake by dry seed after sowing in the field can result in so-called seed imbibitional damage. Here, lipid peroxidation levels were evaluated in seed testa, embryos and cotyledons of three soybean cultivars (Podravka 95, Tisa and Vita), after 3, 6, 12 and 24 h of seed imbibition in water at 20oC. In general, lipid peroxidation was enhanced in soybean embryos and the lowest vales were observed in seed testa. With respect to imbibition duration, the highest lipid peroxidation was observed after 3 h of imbibition and decreased thereafter in seed of Podravka 95 and Vita, with similar trend regarding seed of the same age.Intenzivne oborine i intenzivno usvajanje vode suhoga sjemena nakon sjetve u polju mogu rezultirati takozvanim imbibicijskim oštećenjem sjemena. U ovom istraživanju analiziran je intenzitet lipidne peroksidacije u sjemenjači, klici i kotiledonima sjemena tri sorte soje (Podravka 95, Tisa i Vita), nakon 3, 6, 12 i 24 imbibicije u vodi pri 20oC. U cjelini, lipidna peroksidacija bila je povećana u klici soje, a najslabije izražena u sjemenjači. S obzirom na dužinu imbibicije, najveći intenzitet lipidne peroksidacije utvrđen je nakon 3 h imbibicije, nakon čega se smanjivao kod sorata Podravka 95 i Vita, uz sličan trend, s obzirom na sjeme iste starosti

UTJECAJ SORTE I OTKOSA NA FUNKCIONALNA SVOJSTVA PŠENIČNE TRAVE (Triticum aestivum L.)

Due to its nutritional value, wheatgrass (Triticum aestivum L.) is considered to be a functional food, becoming increasingly popular as a supplement to the people’s quotidian diet. The study aimed to determine the influence of the number of cuttings and cultivars on the total antioxidant activity (DPPH), the content of chloroplast pigments, vitamin C, phenols, and flavonoids in the wheatgrass juice. Two genotypes of wheatgrass, T. aestivum ssp. aestivum (variety Katarina) and T. aestivum ssp. sphaerococcum, respectively, were cut twice during the experiment. In both cuttings, the genotype significantly differed in the flavonoid level and antioxidant activity, while the number of cuttings influenced the content of phenols, vitamin C, and antioxidant activity in the wheatgrass juice. T. sphaerococcum had a higher concentration of flavonoids and a significantly lower antioxidant activity when compared to the Katarina wheat variety. On an average, the first cut implicated an increased content of phenols and vitamin C concerning both genotypes, followed by a higher antioxidant value. In the Katarina variety, a significantly higher phenol content and antioxidant activity was detected in the first cut. In the T. Sphaerococcum, a decrease in the total content of the examined antioxidants was apparent in the second cut.Zbog kvalitete nutritivnoga sastava, pšenična se trava (Triticum aestivum L.) smatra funkcionalnom hranom te postaje sve popularnija kao dodatak svakodnevnoj prehrani ljudi. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj broja otkosa i sorte na ukupnu antioksidativnu aktivnost (DPPH), sadržaj kloroplastnih pigmenata, vitamina C, fenola i flavonoida. U pokusu su ispitana dva genotipa pšenične trave, Triticum aestivum ssp. aestivum (kultivar Katarina) i Triticum aestivum ssp. sphaerococcum. U obama otkosima utvrđen je značajan utjecaj genotipa na sadržaj flavonoida i antioksidacijsku aktivnost, dok je broj otkosa značajno utjecao na fenole, vitamin C i antioksidacijsku aktivnost. T. sphaerococcum imao je veću koncentraciju flavonoida i značajno nižu antioksidativnu aktivnost u usporedbi s kultivarom Katarina. U prosjeku je za obje sorte u prvome otkosu utvrđen značajno veći sadržaj fenola i veći sadržaj vitamina C, što je bilo popraćeno i većom antioksidativnom aktivnošću. Kod kultivara Katarina značajno veći sadržaj fenola i antioksidativna aktivnost utvrđeni su u prvome otkosu. Kod T. sphaerococcum utvđen je značajan pad sadržaja ispitivanih antioksidanasa u drugome otkosu

UTJECAJ SUMPOROVODIKA NA DEETIOLACIJU PŠENIČNE TRAVE (Triticum æstivum L.)

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is involved in many physiological processes and responses to the abiotic types of stress. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS) and the time of application on the physiological properties of etiolated wheatgrass plants. Two genotypes of wheatgrass were grown under controlled conditions for five days without light and then with a 12-hour photoperiod, watered for three consecutive days with 100, 200, and 500 mM NaHS solutions. The plants were watered in three variants, 7-9, 10-12, and 13-15 days after sowing, respectively. The highest content of phenols, flavonoids, and hydrogen peroxide was found in wheatgrass plants watered with 100 mM of NaHS solution. The highest proline content and lipid peroxidation levels were found in the plants at 500 mM of NaHS solution. Also, the significant influence of the watering period on the examined physiological parameters was determined. The results show that H2S significantly affects the de-etiolation process and concentration of physiologically active compounds in wheatgrass plants.Sumporovodik (H2S) je uključen u velik broj fizioloških procesa i reakcija na abiotske tipove stresa. Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi utjecaj natrijevog hidrogensulfida (NaHS) i vremena primjene na fiziološka svojstva etioliranih biljaka pšenične trave. Dva su genotipa pšenične trave uzgajana u kontroliranim uvjetima pet dana bez svjetlosti te nakon toga uz dvanaestosatni fotoperiod, zalijevane tri dana zaredom otopinama NaHS koncentracija 100, 200 i 500 mM. Varijante tretmana zalijevanja uz osvjetljenje bile su sedmoga do devetoga, desetoga do dvanaestoga te trinaestoga do petnaestoga dana nakon sjetve. Najveći sadržaj fenola, flavonoida te vodikova peroksida utvrđen je kod biljaka pšenične trave zalijevanih otopinom 100 mM NaHS. Najviši sadržaj prolina i lipidna peroksidacija utvrđeni su kod biljaka pri 500 mM NaHS. Također, utvrđen je i značajan utjecaj perioda zalijevanja na ispitivane fiziološke parametre. Rezultati pokazuju da H2S značajno utječe na proces deetiolacije kod biljaka pšenične trave i sadržaj fiziološki aktivnih komponenata u pšeničnoj travi

INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa L.) AND CARROT (Dancus carota L.) SEED GERMINATION AND EMERGENCE

Od abiotskih čimbenika koji utječu na klijavost sjemena, jedna od najvažnijih je toplina. Visoka ili niska temperatura zraka mogu značajno smanjiti klijavost sjemena većine poljoprivrednih kultura. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio utvrditi utjecaj temperature zraka na klijavost i nicanje deklariranog sjemena salate i mrkve. Klijavost i nicanje sjemena obje kulture ispitana je u uvjetima optimalne (20°C) i povišene temperature (30°C) u kontroliranim uvjetima te niskih temperatura zraka tijekom ranih rokova sjetve na otvorenom. Značajno smanjenje klijavosti primijećeno je na povišenoj temperaturi kod mrkve (16%), dok je nicanje bilo značajno manje kod obje kulture u uvjetima niskih temperatura tijekom poljskih pokusa, i to do 41% kod mrkve i do 57% kod salate u usporedbi sa laboratorijskom klijavošću. Iz rezultata ovog istraživanja, može se zaključiti da je stres zbog niskih temperatura značajno utjecao na smanjenje sklopa kod obje kulture u vrijeme sjetve i nicanja.Among different abiotic factors that influence seed germination, one of the most important is warmth. Either high or low temperature can significantly decrease seed germination of different agricultural crops. The aim of this investigation was to determine the influence of temperature and sowing time on germination of declared lettuce and carrot seeds. Seed germination and emergence of both crops was tested in conditions of optimal (20°C) and high temperature (30°C) in controlled environment and low temperature during early sowing periods in open field. Carrot seed germination significantly decreased (16%) in high temperature conditions. Moreover, emergence percentage significantly decreased in both species during field trials by about 41% for carrot and up to 57% for lettuce compared to laboratory germination. It can be concluded that stress caused by low temperatures during sowing time and emergence significantly decreases emergence percentage that resulting in low plant density

Effects of Genotype, Seed Age and KNO3 on Germination of Radicchio (Cichorium intybus L.) and Endive (Cichorium endivia L.) Seed

After purchasing seed it often happens that all the seed is not used during one season, but they are stored for a couple of years. The aim of this study was to examine whether germination of radicchio and endive is still high enough after longer storage. We also wanted to define seed vigor in relation to the year of production and variety, and whether pretreatment with KNO3 could improve germination of older seed of radicchio and endive. The seed of three varieties of radicchio (‘Pallarossa’, ‘Verona’ and ‘Pandizucchero’) and three varieties of endive (‘Dječja glava’, ‘Pankalierka’ and ‘Escariol žuta’), from five seasons of certification (06/07, 07/08 08/09, 09/10 and 10/11) was tested. The following seed traits were analyzed: 1000 seed weight, moisture, germination rate, standard germination test, seed electrical conductivity, and the amount of absorbed water per gram of seed for 24 hours. Seed was germinated in two soaking treatments: in tap water with cooling pre-treatment, and KNO3. Based on the results, it was concluded that treatment with KNO3 significantly increases the standard germination of radicchio, as compared with water, and does not improve the germination of endive seed, but on the contrary, it has a negative effect. In both plant species, conductivity does not increase with seed age, because the oldest seed did not show the highest EC. In order to fully assess the impact of aging on seed vigor in tested plant species it is necessary to conduct further research

ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF SOYBEAN SEED AT DIFFERENT IMBIBITION TEMPERATURES

Krupna i srednja frakcija sjemena tri kultivara soje (Zora, Lucija i Korana) su testirani uobičajenim metodama analize kvalitete sjemena (masa 1000 zrna, sadržaj vlage, energija klijanja - EK, standardni test klijavosti - SK) te “cold” testom (CT). Zatim je proveden test konduktiviteta sjemena (EC) “bulk” metodom na tri konstantne temperature imbibicije (10, 20 i 30oC, 24 h), uz određivanje % usvojene vode sjemenom tijekom imbibicije. Ispitivani kultivari soje se nisu značajno razlikovali po EK, SK i CT. Srednja frakcija je imala vrlo značajno veću EK i SK u odnosu na krupnu frakciju. Prema postojećoj kategorizaciji EC sjemena za krupnozrne leguminoze i CT, obje frakcije sjemena pokazuju visok vigor. EC sjemena soje je varirao od 18,0 μScm-1g-1 do 29,5 μScm-1g-1, s vrlo značajno većim vrijednostima na 30oC. Najveći EC, uz najmanji CT, utvrđen je kod sjemena kultivara Korana. Frakcija sjemena nije značajno utjecala na EC. Značajna negativna korelacija između EC i CT kod sjemena srednje frakcije indicira da je EC na 20oC pogodan za brzu analizu vigora sjemena soje, ukoliko u uzorku prevladava srednja frakcija. Količina usvojene vode sjemenom nakon imbibicije u EC je iznosila od 114,5 do 130,4% u odnosu na početnu masu sjemena. Uz značajan utjecaj kultivara, frakcije i njihove interakcije, najveći intenzitet usvajanja vode utvrđen je pri najvišoj temperaturi imbibicije i kod srednje frakcije sjemena. Dobiveni rezultati upućuju na daljnja istraživanja procesa imbibicije sjemena u laboratorijskim i poljskim uvjetima, sa svrhom boljeg poznavanja genetskog potencijala soje za otpornost na imbibicijsko oštećenje i uspješno nicanje u nepovoljnim uvjetima.Large and medium-sized seed of three soybean cultivars (Zora, Lucija and Korana) were evaluated using commonly applied seed quality analytical methods (1000 grain mass, moisture content, rate of germination - EK, standard germination test - SK) as well as cold test (CT). Afterwards, seed electrical conductivity test (EC) - „bulk“ method - was performed at three constant temperatures (10, 20 and 30oC, 24 h), with subsequent determination of seed water uptake during imbibition, as the % of the initial seed sample weight. The tested soybean cultivars did not show significant differences regarding EK, SK and CT. Medium-sized seed showed very significantly higher EK and SK in comparison with large seed. According to the current EC evaluation scale for large-seeded legumes and CT values, both seed categories expressed high vigour. EC test varied between 18.0 – 29.5 μScm-1g-1, and significantly higher values were seen at 30oC during imbibition. The highest EC and the lowest CT values were obtained with the seed of cultivar Korana. Seed size had no effect on EC test value. The established significant negative correlation between EC and CT in medium-sized seed implies that EC test performed at 20oC could be suitable tool for fast soybean seed vigour analyses, if medium-sized seed dominated in seed sample. Seed water content after imbibition in EC test varied between 114.5 - 130.4% regarding seed initial weight. Considering significant influence of cultivar, seed size category and their interaction, the highest water uptake rate was observed at the highest imbibition temperature applied, as well as in medium-sized seed. These results suggest further investigation of seed imbibitional processes in both laboratory and field conditions, with aim of better comprehension of soybean genetic potential in imbibitional damage resistance and successful emergence in adverse conditions