PEWARISAN GEN SAPI KEMBAR: PELUANG PENINGKATAN POPULASI DI INDONESIA / The Inheritance of Twinning Gene in Cattle: Option for Population Improvemnet in Indonesia

The evidence of cattle with twinning birth is reported over the world, as well as in Indonesia, with the frequency in dairy cattle is a bit higher compared to beef cattle (4ƒ{10% : 1%). The heritability of twinning cattle is considered to be low, so does for the repeatability. This paper outlines the inheritance of twin born cattle, its geographic distribution and utilization for population accelaration as well as its contribution for meat supply. In Indonesia, twin born cattles are reported in 11 provinces and occured in Ongole crossbred (PO), Bali, Angus, Aceh, SimmentalxPO crossbred, LimousinexPO crossbred and FH breeds. The occurence of cattle with twinning birth in dairy and beef cattle is around 27.250 and 165.990 heads, with estimation 13.625 and 82.995 heads of dairy and beef cows, respectively. The optimistic scenario is expected to deliver 19.735 and 71.406 heads of dairy and beef calves every year, whereas pesimistic scenario resulting the birth of dairy and beef calves of 10.306 and 50.875 heads, respectively. These scenarios contribute to 2,6% and 1,8% of national calves born (3.500.000 heads every year) for optimistic and pesimistic scenarios, respectively, indicating that twinning genes in cattle do not significantly contribute to the addition of calves born in Indonesia. Several efforts to maintain the the population of twin born cattle can be conducted through option such as a) to maintain the twin born cattle population to the institution belongs to government or private; b) to allow farmers to raise the twin born cattle and c) to empower local farmers association as a networking who raise the twin born cattle. Eventhough the twin born calves contribution is low for national calves born, however, it is suggested to keep the genetic values for further requirement in the future, to provide technologies for early identification or moleculer of twinning cattle carriers as well as to explore the genetic potential for further development. In the future, development of the twinning cattle can be conducted through frozen sperm distribution for artificial insemination.Keywords: Beef cattle, dairy cattle, gene for twinning, heritability AbstrakSapi dengan potensi beranak kembar memiliki frekuensi kelahiran lebih tinggi pada sapi perah (410%) dibanding sapi potong (1%). Laju pewarisan (heritabilitas) sifat kelahiran kembar sangat rendah, demikian pula dengan laju pengulangan (ripitabilitas). Tulisan ini membahas sifat pewarisan gen sapi beranak kembar di Indonesia, distribusi sapi dengan potensi gen kelahiran kembar, peluang pemanfaatannya bagi peningkatan populasi dan penyediaan daging sapi. Di Indonesia, kelahiran kembar sapi terdapat di 11 provinsi dan terjadi pada rumpun sapi PO, Aceh, Bali, FH, persilangan Aberden Angus, persilangan Simmental x PO, persilangan Limousine x PO. Gen beranak kembar sapi perah dan sapi potong berturut turut diperkirakan sekitar 27.250 ekor dan 165.990 ekor, dimana populasi sapi betina sekitar 13.625 dan 82.995 ekor untuk sapi perah dan sapi potong. Skenario optimis pemanfaatan gen sapi kembar , diharapkan dapat memberikan angka kelahiran sebanyak 19.735 dan 71.406 ekor, berturut-turut untuk sapi perah dan sapi potong. Sementara skenario pesimis menghasilkan kelahiran anak sapi perah dan sapi potong, berturut-turut sejumlah 10.306 dan 50.875 ekor. Kedua skenario tersebut menyumbang 2,6% (optimis) dan 1,8 % (pesimis) dari total kelahiran per tahun (3.500.000 ekor). Keberadaan sapi beranak kembar di Indonesia belum memberikan sumbangan nyata bagi peningkatan populasi, akan tetapi perlu dipertahankan keberadaannya. Berbagai usulan yang dapat dilakukan untuk mempertahankan populasinya antara lain: a) pengumpulan di satu tempat, baik milik pemerintah atau swasta yang tertarik memelihara dan melakukan pengamatan dengan biaya yang sangat mahal; b) pemeliharaan sapi kembar diserahkan kepada peternak dengan konsekuensi sewaktu waktu akan punah karena keterbatasan kemampuan membiayai pemeliharaan, c) membentuk kelompok peternak pemelihara sapi kembar sebagai sarana pertukaran informasi. Namun demikian, eksplorasi sifat genetik perlu terus dilakukan baik secara konvensional maupun secara molekuler, sementara pengembangan sapi kembar dapat dilakukan melalui pembuatan semen beku yang diimplementasikan dengan teknologi inseminasi buatan.Kata Kunci: Sapi potong, sapi perah, gen beranak kembar, heritability

Lamb production of prolific sheep

The research was aimed to study factors that affected litter size (JAS), lamb survival (DHA) and litter weight at birth (BL) and at weaning (BS) on prolific ewes. Production records during the year of 1981-1993 were used in this study (1,437 records). Ewe genotypes (G), management levels (M), ewe parity (P) were the fixed effect and ewe gestation gain (PKB) was a covariable that included in the model. Analysis of variance for unbalanced data with general linear model procedure were used. Mean JAS was 1.77. Sources of variation that affected JAS were G, M, P-M interaction, and PKB. One copy of FecF gene increased the number of lambs born by 0.8. Changing toward a better management levels was followed by an increase of JAS. An increased of one kilogram PKB was also followed by an increase of 0.04 litter size born. The mean of BL was 3.43 kg and the sources of variation that affected BL were G, M and P-M interaction. At all management levels, primipara ewes had lower litter size at birth and litter birth weight than the pluripara ewes. Mean DHA found was 73.93%, it was affected by G-M interaction, P and PKB. First parity ewes has 11% lower of DHA than second parity ewes. An increase of 1 kg PKB was followed by an increase of 2.3% of DHA. Sources of variation that affected BS were G-M interaction, P and PKB. Mean BS in this study was 13.12 kg.   Key words : Prolific sheep, lamb productio

Regulation on Genetically Modified Animals: Proposed and Its Possible Application in Indonesia

The government is responsible for fulfil the needs of safe, healthy and halal food for all its people in a sustainable manner. The world population will increase from 7 to 9 billion people in 2050. While the availability of land may not increase in the future, it may even not be used for agriculture. Scientists are trying to overcome this problem by creating technologies that can increase livestock productivity, one of which is through a genetically modified process. Genetically modified animals are animals that have been genetically modified for many  purposes including yields and disease resistance. Although genetically modified animals are at the last stage of research and the possibility to entering Indonesia remains small, but government should prepare a regulation related to it. European countries and USA have regulations to control genetically modified animals. Malaysia also has applied a similar regulation since 2007. Currently, Indonesia has formed an authority that oversees the genetically modified product, namely Biosafety Commission (Komisi Keamanan Hayati) on genetically modified products. However, this commission only supervises genetically modified organism in food and feed. This paper is aimed to propose the regulation for genetically modified animal that may be entering Indonesia and or be researched by Indonesian scientists

STRATEGI PEMBANGUNAN PETERNAKAN BERKELANJUTAN DENGAN MEMANFAATKAN SUMBER DAYA LOKAL

Penduduk Indonesia pada tahun 2012 sekitar 235 juta orang dan diperkirakan akan menjadi 273 juta orang pada tahun 2025. Meningkatnya jumlah penduduk akan diikuti oleh meningkatnya kebutuhan pangan, termasuk pangan hewani. Sementara itu, luas lahan/daratan sebagai basis untuk memproduksi pangan tidak bertambah, bahkan cenderung berkurang karena konversi, abrasi, dan terendam akibat meningkatnya permukaan air laut sebagai dampak dari  pemanasan global dan perubahan iklim, serta kualitas sumber daya alam yang makin menurun. Konsumsi protein hewani penduduk Indonesia  sangat rendah (sekitar 6 g/kapita/hari) dan diperkirakan akan meningkat tajam apabila pendapatan penduduk terus meningkat, yang diprediksi  mencapai US$13.000 pada tahun 2025 sesuai target MP3EI 2025. Untuk mengantisipasi hal tersebut, Pemerintah perlu menyiapkan strategi  pembangunan peternakan jangka menengah dan panjang secara berkelanjutan dengan memanfaatkan ketersediaan sumber daya lokal. Dalam hal ini, selain mengeksplorasi sumber daya genetik ternak yang efisien dalam penggunaan pakan, juga harus dapat memanfaatkan bahan pakan berupa produk samping tanaman maupun industri pertanian yang tidak bersaing dengan bahan pangan. Kebijakan ini harus didukungdengan inovasi teknologi yang telah dihasilkan maupun yang perlu dikembangkan. Peningkatan produktivitas dan produksi ternak secara berkelanjutan dengan pola seperti ini dapat menghemat sumber daya alam sekaligus menekan emisi gas rumah kaca dalam rangka  mewujudkan konsep green economy

Effects of Road Transportation on Some Physiological Stress Measures in Anpera and Boerka Goats

Transporting livestock is a common practice in agriculture, but it can be a stressful situation for the animals. This stress can lead to physiological responses like live weight loss, changes in blood cortisol levels, and immune suppression. Goats are particularly sensitive to transportation stress and stress-induced diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of road transport on the physiological condition of 33 goats (13 Anpera goats and 20 Boerka goats) transported for 72 hours over approximately ±2.000 km. Live weight loss was determined by comparing the body weights of the goats before and after transportation. We measured psychological responses (heart rate, respiratory rate, rectal temperature), blood parameters (Blood urea nitrogen/BUN, creatinine, glucose), cortisol, and hematological parameters. The results showed that transportation caused an average weight loss of 4.05 kg/head (14.22%). Heart rate decreased by 14.71 x/minute after transport, while respiratory rate and rectal temperature increased by 8.44 x/minute and 0.41 units, respectively. BUN levels increased by approximately 10.92 mg/dL (35%) and glucose levels increased by approximately 30.07 mg/dL (48%). Hematological parameters also showed significant changes, with transportation causing alterations in WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit, MCV, and MCH levels. The study also showed an interaction between the sex and breed of goats on BUN, glucose, MCV, MCH. The comparison between Anpera goats and Boerka showed that transportation had significant influence on heart rate, rectal temperature, cortisol, RBC, haemoglobin, RDW. In conclusion, transportation for 72 hours caused stress on goats, leading to weight loss, changes in psychological behavior, and blood parameters, and the breed and sex of the goats played a crucial role in the observed changes

Small Ruminant Community Breeding Program in Indonesia

This paper outlines the principles of community breeding programs, reviews similar programs that have been conducted in Indonesia, as well as proposing improvements. Community breeding programs (CBP) are a method for genetic improvement of livestock, with voluntary participation of farmers, using animals belonging to the farmers, by defining breeding objectives and selection criteria or traits, selecting the best males of the group, performance testing and distributing males to the farmers. Farmers have the ownership of the program and contribute to the sustainability of the program, marketability of the products according the needs of the farmers, as well as strengthening farmers institutions. There are breeding scehemes of one tier, two tier and three tier that can be implemented to achieve the goals of genetic improvement. Several CBP has been carried out scatteredly, however improvements have to be made such as by long term financial support, strong commitment from breeders, mentoring by academias, data management and analysis as well as economic assessment. Therefore, a more masive and sustainable CBP should be conducted to improve the genetic quality of  sheep and goat in Indonesia

Differentiation of three sheep breeds which have a genetic relationship by body sizes

Sumatera Composite (SC) sheep and Barbados Black Belly cross (BC) sheep are two sheep that have half the genetics of Sumatera local (SL) sheep. Populations with partially the same genetic composition are sometimes difficult to distinguish. Based on female body size sheep, an analysis was carried out to distinguish the three breed sheep that have genetic relationship. The research was conducted using SC, BC and SL ewe measured in body weight and 8 body sizes. Analysis of variance and canonical discriminant analysis, Mahalanobis distance, plotting canonical and dendogram were performed by SAS software ver. 9.0. Body weight and all body sizes of SC and BC sheep were significantly different from SL sheep. Canonical discriminant analysis successfully could differentiate among the three sheep breeds that have genetic relationship. The results of genetic distance estimation showed that SC sheep had genetic closeness to BC sheep compared to SL sheep. The size of the skull length, body weight and chest girth were the breed differentiation variable in this study

Milk production capacity of prolific Priangan sheep: Preweaning performance

A study was conducted to investigate the milk production capacity and preweaning performance of the prolific Priangan sheep, at sheep breeding station of the Research Institute for Animal production, Bogor using 126 ewes during three lambing periods in three consecutive years. The milk production was estimated weekly, started at day 7 after lambing date, till lambs were weaned at 90 days of age. The results showed that total milk production was significantly affected (P<0.05) by parity and the number of lambs born with average daily milk production of 519.5 g head-1 day-1. Estimated total milk production was 43.6 kg/lactation (N = 126; SD = 7.8; CV = 19.4%; range = 28.7-53.6 kg). According to the dam parity, the highest milk production was estimated at third parity (40.1 kg head-1 lactation-1), whereas on the basis of litter size, ewes with twin born lamb had the highest production (39.9 kg head-1 lactation-1). The preweaning lamb performance (weaning weight and preweaning daily gain) was significantly affected (P<0.05) by ewe parity, sex, litter size and type of birth and weaned, with the average weaning weight of 10.62 kg (N = 208; SD = 3.37; CV = 25.08%) and 130.9 + 41.8 g head-1 day-1 (N = 208; SD = 33.5; CV = 31.26%), respectively. Where as lamb birth weight was significantly affected (P<0.05) by ewe parity, sex and the number of lambs bornwith average of 2.39 kg (N = 208; SD = 0.66; CV = 9.8%)