OPTIMIZING LIGHT-CURED COMPOSITE PROPERTIES WITH CAMPHROQUINONE AND BUTYLHYDROXYTOLUENE COMBINATIONS

poster abstractPolymerization shrinkage is an inherent property in dental composite that has major effects on its clinical performance. Many strategies on minimizing the shrinkage have been explored in the past. Here we propose that, by op-timizing the dose combinations of photoinitiator and polymerization inhibitor, we can effectively reduce the polymerization shrinkage stress without sacri-ficing the mechanical properties of dental composite. The objective of this study therefore was to investigate the effects of a common photoinitiator, camphroquinone (CQ), and inhibitor, butylhydroxytoluene (BHT), at clinical-ly-relevant concentration combinations on the shrinkage properties and me-chanical properties of light-cured composite. Samples were prepared by mix-ing bisphenol-A-glycidyl methacrylate, urethane dimethacrylate, and tetraethyleneglycol dimethacrylate at a 1:1:1 ratio. Borosilicate glass fillers constituted 70% of the resin weight. Sixteen groups of resin composite were prepared from the combination of four CQ (0.1%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) and four BHT (0.0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%) levels. Six properties were tested, including Flexural strength (FS) flexural modulus (FM), degree of conversion (DC), contraction stress (CS), stress rate (SR), and gel point (GP). The effects of CQ and BHT combinations on each of these properties were evaluated using two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Groups with low CQ and BHT showed moderate values for FS, FM, SR and CS with DC around 70%. Increasing the BHT concentration caused a decrease in SR, CS, DC and an increase in GP values. Increasing the CQ content gave a steady increase in values for FS and FM. Notable, in CQ=1.5% group, increasing BHT from 0 to 1.5% result in a statistically significant decrease in polymeri-zation shrinkage stress (p<0.05) while maintain the same mechanical prop-erties. In this project, we successfully demonstrated that the polymerization shrinkage of resin composite can be tailored through CQ and BHT combina-tions with high CQ and high BHT showing the most promising results

The Effect of Polymerization Methods and Fiber Types on the Mechanical Behavior of Fiber-Reinforced Resin-Based Composites

Purpose Glass fibers were introduced to increase the fracture resistance of resin-based composites restorations; however, the poor polymerization between fibers and resin-based composite were sometimes noted and can cause debonding and failure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different polymerization methods as well as fiber types on the mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced resin-based composites. Materials and Methods Seventy-five specimens were fabricated and divided into one control group and four experimental groups (n = 15), according to the type of glass fiber (strip or mesh) and polymerization methods (one- or two-step). A 0.2-mm-thick fiber layer was fabricated with different polymerization methods, on top of which a 1.8 mm resin-based composite layer was added to make a bar-shape specimen, followed by a final polymerization. Specimens were tested for flexural strength and flexural modulus. The failure modes of specimens were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Results The fiber types showed significant effect on the flexural strength of test specimens (F = 469.48, p < 0.05), but the polymerization methods had no significant effect (F = 0.05, p = 0.82). The interaction between these two variables was not significant (F = 1.73, p = 0.19). In addition, both fiber type (F = 9.71, p < 0.05) and polymerization method (F = 12.17, p < 0.05) affected the flexural modulus of test specimens; however, the interaction between these two variables was not significant (F = 0.40, p = 0.53). Conclusions The strip fibers showed better mechanical behavior than mesh fibers and were suggested for resin-based composites restorations reinforcement; however, different polymerization methods did not have a significant effect on the strength and failure mode of fiber-reinforced resin-based composites

A novel approach to evaluate the effect of medicaments used in endodontic regeneration on root canal surface indentation

Bone Biology Laboratory http://www.iupui.edu/~bonelab/ Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Indiana University School of Medicine Department of Biomedical Engineering IUPUIObjectives: To investigate the capability of a novel reference point indentation apparatus to test the indentation properties of root canal surface dentine treated with three intracanal medicaments used in endodontic regeneration. Materials and Methods: Immature human premolars were selected (n=22). Four specimens were obtained from each root and randomly assigned to three treatment groups and a control group. Each specimen was exposed to one of three treatment pastes (triple antibiotic (TAP), double antibiotic (DAP), or calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] or neutral de-ionized water (control) for one or four weeks. After each time-interval, the indentation properties of the root canal dentine surfaces were measured using a BioDent reference point indenter. Two-way ANOVA and Fisher’s Protected Least Significant Differences were used for statistical analyses. Results: Significant differences in indentation parameters and estimated hardness between all groups at both time points were found. TAP treated dentine had the highest significant indentation parameters, followed by DAP treated dentine, untreated control dentine and Ca(OH)2 treated dentine, respectively. Furthermore, TAP treated dentine had the lowest significant estimated hardness, followed by DAP treated dentine, untreated control dentine and Ca(OH)2 treated dentine, respectively. Conclusion: BioDent reference point indenter was able to detect significant differences in indentation properties of root canal dentine treated with various medicaments. Clinical Relevance: The use of a reference point indenter is a promising approach to characterize the indentation properties of root canal surfaces without any surface modification. This might provide an in vitro mechanical measurement that is more representative of the actual clinical situation

Tetracycline-incorporated polymer nanofibers as a potential dental implant surface modifier

This study investigated the antimicrobial and osteogenic properties of titanium (Ti) disks superficially modified with tetracycline (TCH)-incorporated polymer nanofibers. The experiments were carried out in two phases. The first phase dealt with the synthesis and characterization (i.e., morphology, mechanical strength, drug release, antimicrobial activity, and cytocompatibility) of TCH-incorporated fibers. The second phase was dedicated to evaluating both the antimicrobial and murine-derived osteoprecursor cell (MC3T3-E1) response of Ti-modified with TCH-incorporated fibers. TCH was successfully incorporated into the submicron-sized and cytocompatible fibers. All TCH-incorporated mats presented significant antimicrobial activity against periodontal pathogens. The antimicrobial potential of the TCH-incorporated fibers-modified Ti was influenced by both the TCH concentration and bacteria tested. At days 5 and 7, a significant increase in MC3T3-E1 cell number was observed for TCH-incorporated nanofibers-modified Ti disks when compared to that of TCH-free nanofibers-modified Ti-disks and bare Ti. A significant increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels on the Ti disks modified with TCH-incorporated nanofiber on days 7 and 14 was seen, suggesting that the proposed surface promotes early osteogenic differentiation. Collectively, the data suggest that TCH-incorporated nanofibers could function as an antimicrobial surface modifier and osteogenic inducer for Ti dental implants

Baseline Biomechanical Properties of Epithelia prior to Tissue Expansion in Dogs

Background: Soft-tissue deficiencies pose a challenge in a variety of disease processes when the end result is exposure of underlying tissue. Although multiple surgical techniques exist, the transposition of tissue from one location to another can cause donor-site morbidity, long incisions prone to dehiscence, and poor patient outcomes as a result. Use of tissue expansion prior to grafting procedures has been shown to have success in increasing available soft tissue to aid in repairing wounds. However, the current tissue expanders have biomechanical limits to the extent and rate of expansion that usually exceeds the tissue capacity, leading to incisional dehiscence or expander extrusion. Understanding the baseline biomechanical properties of the tissue to be expanded would provide useful information regarding surgical protocol employed for a given anatomical location. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test and compare the baseline (preexpansion) biomechanical properties of different common expansion sites in dogs. Methods: Four samples measuring approximately 20 × 15 × 1 mm were harvested from 8 dogs. The samples were collected from the hard palate, alveolar mucosa, scalp, and chest of the animal and analyzed for stress, strain, maximum tangential stiffness, maximum tangential modulus, and tensile strength using a Texture Technologies TA.XT texture analyzer with corresponding biomechanical measurement software. Samples were compared as to their baseline biomechanical properties prior to any soft-tissue expansion. Histological sections of the samples were analyzed using hematoxylin eosin in an attempt to correlate the histological description to the biomechanical properties seen during testing. Summary statistics (mean, standard deviation, standard error, range) are reported for stress, strain, maximum tangential stiffness, maximum tangential modulus, and tensile strength and for the histological parameters by intraoral site. Analysis of variance was used to compare the biomechanical and histological parameters among the 4 locations while accounting for multiple measurements from each dog. Results: The scalp had significantly higher maximum stress (σmax) than chest, mucosa, and palate (P 0.63). Scalp site also had significantly higher maximum tangential modulus (ε) than chest, mucosa, and palate (P 0.17). The locations did not have significantly different maximum tangential stiffness (k; P = 0.72). Histologically, 2 separate patterns of collagen disruption were evident. Conclusion: Although different results were obtained than theorized, this study showed that the scalp had the greatest resiliency to expand prior to tearing, and the highest tangential modulus, with all sites having statistically similar modulus of elasticity. Based on this study, the scalp could be expanded more aggressively compared with the other sites

Extrinsic Characterization Sustainability in Zirconia Reinforced Lithium Silicate Ceramics

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE. To investigate the effect of aging on the surface roughness and the color sustainability of externally characterized zirconia reinforced lithium silicate glass-ceramics treated with different surface protocols. METHODS. Sixty blocks (12-mm X 14-mm; 1.5-mm) of pre-crystalized zirconia reinforced-lithium silicate glass-ceramic (Vita Suprinity, Vita Zahnfabrick, Germany) CAD/CAM were crystalized and treated with different surface protocols, as extrinsic characterization (EC), mechanical polishing (MP), glaze layer (GL), surface adjustment (SA) and no treatment – control group (CG). Experimental groups (n=10) were divided as follow: CG; EC-MP-GZ; EC-GZ; EC-MP; EC-GZ-SA-GZ; EC-GZ-SA-MP and submitted to thermocycling (5,000 cycles, 5-55C) and toothbrushing simulation (5,000 cycles). Surface roughness (Ra and Rq), color change (CIED2000) and biofilm growth were evaluated. Statistical analysis was performed with a two-sided 5% significance level for all tests. RESULTS. For the parameter RaX, the control differed from EC-GZ and EC-MP (p = 0.04). For the parameter RqX, EC-GZ presented higher surface roughness compared than EC-MP-GZ and the group EC-GZ-SA-MP (p=0.02). EC-MP (p<0.01) and the EC-GZ-SA-MP (p<0.01) showed higher color change E00 after aging, while CG and EC-MP-GZ the least. For the biofilm growth, no significant group effect on bacteria counts was found (p=0.089). CONCLUSION. The aging protocol affected the surface roughness, and color of externally characterized zirconia reinforced lithium silicate glass-ceramics submitted to different surface treatment protocols. In the present study, when the mechanical polishing was performed before glaze application, the slightest color change and surface roughness were observed compared to the other surface treatments. Bacteria were not able to grow in the material surface, under the conditions tested in the present study

Development of a step-down method for altering male C57BL/6 mouse housing density and hierarchical structure: Preparations for spaceflight studies

This study was initiated as a component of a larger undertaking designed to study bone healing in microgravity aboard the International Space Station (ISS). Spaceflight experimentation introduces multiple challenges not seen in ground studies, especially with regard to physical space, limited resources, and inability to easily reproduce results. Together, these can lead to diminished statistical power and increased risk of failure. It is because of the limited space, and need for improved statistical power by increasing sample size over historical numbers, NASA studies involving mice require housing mice at densities higher than recommended in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (National Research Council, 2011). All previous NASA missions in which mice were co-housed, involved female mice; however, in our spaceflight studies examining bone healing, male mice are required for optimal experimentation. Additionally, the logistics associated with spaceflight hardware and our study design necessitated variation of density and cohort make up during the experiment. This required the development of a new method to successfully co-house male mice while varying mouse density and hierarchical structure. For this experiment, male mice in an experimental housing schematic of variable density (Spaceflight Correlate) analogous to previously established NASA spaceflight studies was compared to a standard ground based housing schematic (Normal Density Controls) throughout the experimental timeline. We hypothesized that mice in the Spaceflight Correlate group would show no significant difference in activity, aggression, or stress when compared to Normal Density Controls. Activity and aggression were assessed using a novel activity scoring system (based on prior literature, validated in-house) and stress was assessed via body weights, organ weights, and veterinary assessment. No significant differences were detected between the Spaceflight Correlate group and the Normal Density Controls in activity, aggression, body weight, or organ weight, which was confirmed by veterinary assessments. Completion of this study allowed for clearance by NASA of our bone healing experiments aboard the ISS, and our experiment was successfully launched February 19, 2017 on SpaceX CRS-10

Forces associated with launch into space do not impact bone fracture healing

Segmental bone defects (SBDs) secondary to trauma invariably result in a prolonged recovery with an extended period of limited weight bearing on the affected limb. Soldiers sustaining blast injuries and civilians sustaining high energy trauma typify such a clinical scenario. These patients frequently sustain composite injuries with SBDs in concert with extensive soft tissue damage. For soft tissue injury resolution and skeletal reconstruction a patient may experience limited weight bearing for upwards of 6 months. Many small animal investigations have evaluated interventions for SBDs. While providing foundational information regarding the treatment of bone defects, these models do not simulate limited weight bearing conditions after injury. For example, mice ambulate immediately following anesthetic recovery, and in most cases are normally ambulating within 1-3 days post-surgery. Thus, investigations that combine disuse with bone healing may better test novel bone healing strategies. To remove weight bearing, we have designed a SBD rodent healing study in microgravity (µG) on the International Space Station (ISS) for the Rodent Research-4 (RR-4) Mission, which launched February 19, 2017 on SpaceX CRS-10 (Commercial Resupply Services). In preparation for this mission, we conducted an end-to-end mission simulation consisting of surgical infliction of SBD followed by launch simulation and hindlimb unloading (HLU) studies. In brief, a 2 mm defect was created in the femur of 10 week-old C57BL6/J male mice (n = 9-10/group). Three days after surgery, 6 groups of mice were treated as follows: 1) Vivarium Control (maintained continuously in standard cages); 2) Launch Negative Control (placed in the same spaceflight-like hardware as the Launch Positive Control group but were not subjected to launch simulation conditions); 3) Launch Positive Control (placed in spaceflight-like hardware and also subjected to vibration followed by centrifugation); 4) Launch Positive Experimental (identical to Launch Positive Control group, but placed in qualified spaceflight hardware); 5) Hindlimb Unloaded (HLU, were subjected to HLU immediately after launch simulation tests to simulate unloading in spaceflight); and 6) HLU Control (single housed in identical HLU cages but not suspended). Mice were euthanized 28 days after launch simulation and bone healing was examined via micro-Computed Tomography (µCT). These studies demonstrated that the mice post-surgery can tolerate launch conditions. Additionally, forces and vibrations associated with launch did not impact bone healing (p = .3). However, HLU resulted in a 52.5% reduction in total callus volume compared to HLU Controls (p = .0003). Taken together, these findings suggest that mice having a femoral SBD surgery tolerated the vibration and hypergravity associated with launch, and that launch simulation itself did not impact bone healing, but that the prolonged lack of weight bearing associated with HLU did impair bone healing. Based on these findings, we proceeded with testing the efficacy of FDA approved and novel SBD therapies using the unique spaceflight environment as a novel unloading model on SpaceX CRS-10

Pan-Cancer Analysis of lncRNA Regulation Supports Their Targeting of Cancer Genes in Each Tumor Context

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are commonly dys-regulated in tumors, but only a handful are known toplay pathophysiological roles in cancer. We inferredlncRNAs that dysregulate cancer pathways, onco-genes, and tumor suppressors (cancer genes) bymodeling their effects on the activity of transcriptionfactors, RNA-binding proteins, and microRNAs in5,185 TCGA tumors and 1,019 ENCODE assays.Our predictions included hundreds of candidateonco- and tumor-suppressor lncRNAs (cancerlncRNAs) whose somatic alterations account for thedysregulation of dozens of cancer genes and path-ways in each of 14 tumor contexts. To demonstrateproof of concept, we showed that perturbations tar-geting OIP5-AS1 (an inferred tumor suppressor) andTUG1 and WT1-AS (inferred onco-lncRNAs) dysre-gulated cancer genes and altered proliferation ofbreast and gynecologic cancer cells. Our analysis in-dicates that, although most lncRNAs are dysregu-lated in a tumor-specific manner, some, includingOIP5-AS1, TUG1, NEAT1, MEG3, and TSIX, synergis-tically dysregulate cancer pathways in multiple tumorcontexts

Pan-cancer Alterations of the MYC Oncogene and Its Proximal Network across the Cancer Genome Atlas

Although theMYConcogene has been implicated incancer, a systematic assessment of alterations ofMYC, related transcription factors, and co-regulatoryproteins, forming the proximal MYC network (PMN),across human cancers is lacking. Using computa-tional approaches, we define genomic and proteo-mic features associated with MYC and the PMNacross the 33 cancers of The Cancer Genome Atlas.Pan-cancer, 28% of all samples had at least one ofthe MYC paralogs amplified. In contrast, the MYCantagonists MGA and MNT were the most frequentlymutated or deleted members, proposing a roleas tumor suppressors.MYCalterations were mutu-ally exclusive withPIK3CA,PTEN,APC,orBRAFalterations, suggesting that MYC is a distinct onco-genic driver. Expression analysis revealed MYC-associated pathways in tumor subtypes, such asimmune response and growth factor signaling; chro-matin, translation, and DNA replication/repair wereconserved pan-cancer. This analysis reveals insightsinto MYC biology and is a reference for biomarkersand therapeutics for cancers with alterations ofMYC or the PMN