Maturation Effect or Generation Effect: Empirical Evidence from China

The failure to separate the effects of maturation, generation and zeitgeist on culture has been hindered the identification of cultural change for years. Hofstede regards it as a confusing matter. In this paper, we firstly use a new approach to assess the three effects,.then, according to the data from the investigation of China Telecom Company, we analyze the correlation between age variable and cultural dimensions. The empirical result shows that masculinity has the most significant change in China during the past twenty years. With the aid of the above approach, we also confirmed that the generation effect does work rather than the maturation effect does. Key words: Cultural change, maturation effect, generation effect, China Résumé : L’insuccès de séparer les effets de maturation , de génération et de l’esprit de l’époque sur la culture a pour conséquence le retard d’identification de changement culturel depuis des années . Hofstede la considère comme une question confuse . Dans ce texte , d’abord on se sert d’une nouvelle approche pour évaluer ces trois effets pour passer ensuite à l’analyse la corrélation entre l’âge variant et les dimensions culturelles selon les données recueillies dans les enquêtes de la Compagie Télécom de Chine . Le résultat empirique montre que la masculinité a connu le changement le plus signficatif durant les deux dernières décennies . A l’aide de cette approche ci-dessus , on affirme également que l’effet de génération joue son rôle , mais non pour l’effet de maturation . Mots-clés: changement culturel, effet de maturation, effet de génération, Chin

Erratum

'Beibinghong': A new grape cultivar for brewing ice red wineVitis 53 (2), 85-89 (2014

'Beibinghong': A new grape cultivar for brewing ice red wine

Research Not

Increasing the Environmental Relevance of Biodegradation Testing by Focusing on Initial Biodegradation Kinetics and Employing Low-Level Spiking

The environmental relevance of standard biodegradation tests such as OECD 309 has been questioned. Challenges include the interpretation of changing degradation kinetics over the 60–90 incubation days and the effects of chemical spiking on the microbial community. To ameliorate these weaknesses, we evaluated a modified OECD 309 test using water and sediment from three Swedish rivers. For each river, we had three treatments (no spiking, 0.5 μg L–1 spiking, and 5 μg L–1 spiking). The dissipation of a mixture of 56–80 spiked chemicals was followed over 14 days. Changes in dissipation kinetics during the incubation were interpreted as a departure of the microbial community from its initial (natural) state. The biodegradation kinetics were first-order throughout the incubation in the no spiking and 0.5 μg L–1 spiking treatments for almost all chemicals, but for the 5 μg L–1 treatment, more chemicals showed changes in kinetics. The rate constants in the no spiking and 0.5 μg L–1 treatments agreed within a factor of 2 for 35 of 37 cases. We conclude that the environmental relevance of OECD 309 is improved by considering only the initial biodegradation phase and that it is not compromised by spiking multiple chemicals at 0.5 μg L–1. KEYWORDS: biodegradation river water sediment micropollutants OECD 30

A finite theorem for Ahlfors' covering surface theory

Ahlfors' theory of covering surfaces is one of the major mathematical achievement of last century. The most important part of his theory is the Second Fundamental Theorem (SFT). We are interested in the relation of errors of Ahlfors' SFT with the same boundary curve. In this paper we will prove a result which is used to establish the best bound of the constant in Ahlfors' SFT (in \cite{Zh}). Precisely speaking, we will prove that for any surface $\Sigma\in\mathcal{F}_r(L,m)$, a new surface $\Sigma_1$ can be constructed based on it, such that $R(\Sigma_1)\ge R(\Sigma)$ and $L(\partial\Sigma_1)\le L(\partial\Sigma)$, where $R(\Sigma)$ is Ahlfors' error term and $L(\partial\Sigma)$ is the boundary length of the surface $\Sigma$, and the covering degree of $\Sigma_1$ has an upper bound independent of surfaces. Meanwhile, this conclusion suggests that the supremum of $H(\Sigma)=R(\Sigma)/L(\partial\Sigma)$ can be achieved by surfaces in the space $\mathcal{F}_r'(L,m)$

Exact results of dynamical structure factor of Lieb-Liniger model

The dynamical structure factor (DSF) represents a measure of dynamical density-density correlations in a quantum many-body system. Due to the complexity of many-body correlations and quantum fluctuations in a system of an infinitely large Hilbert space, such kind of dynamical correlations often impose a big theoretical challenge. For one dimensional (1D) quantum many-body systems, qualitative predictions of dynamical response functions are usually carried out by using the Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid (TLL) theory. In this scenario, a precise evaluation of the DSF for a 1D quantum system with arbitrary interaction strength remains a formidable task. In this paper, we use the form factor approach based on algebraic Bethe ansatz theory to calculate precisely the DSF of Lieb-Liniger model with an arbitrary interaction strength at a large scale of particle number. We find that the DSF for a system as large as 2000 particles enables us to depict precisely its line-shape from which the power-law singularity with corresponding exponents in the vicinities of spectral thresholds naturally emerge. It should be noted that, the advantage of our algorithm promises an access to the threshold behavior of dynamical correlation functions, further confirming the validity of nonlinear TLL theory besides Kitanine et. al. 2012 J. Stat. Mech. P09001. Finally we discuss a comparison of results with the results from the ABACUS method by J.-S. Caux 2009 J. Math. Phys. 50 095214 as well as from the strongly coupling expansion by Brand and Cherny 2005 Phys. Rev. A 72 033619.Comment: 20 pages, 5 figure

Poly[aqua(μ3-5-aza­niumylisophthalato)­(μ-oxalato)neodymium(III)]

The title compound, [Nd(C8H6NO4)(C2O4)(H2O)]n, is a layer-like coordination polymer. The NdIII ion is coordinated by four carboxyl­ate O atoms from three bridging 5-aza­nium­yl­isophthalate (Haip) ligands, four carboxyl­ate O atoms from two oxalate (ox) anions and one ligated water mol­ecule in a tricapped trigonal–prismatic geometry. The Haip anion acts as a μ3-bridge, connecting three NdIII ions through two carboxyl­ate groups; the ox anion adopts a bis-bidentate-bridging mode, linking two NdIII ions. The layer framework is further extended to a three-dimensional supra­molecular structure through N—H⋯O and O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds

2-Ethyl­imidazolium terephthalate

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C5H9N2 +·C8H5O4 −, consists of one protonated 2-ethyl­imidazolium cation and two half terephthalate anions. The anions and cations are linked through N—H⋯O hydrogen bonds while the anions are associated via O—H⋯O inter­actions, resulting in a layered structure. The ethyl group of the cation is disordered over twosites of occupancies 0.812 (14) and 0.188 (14). The hydroxy H atoms of the anions are equally disordered over two symmetry-related sites