LYSINE FOR PRIMIPAROUS LACTATING SOWS AND EFFECT IN THE PERFORMANCE OF THE PIGLETS

The present study aimed to determinate optimum lysine levels to be used in the ration of primiparous sows in lactation, in relation to piglets performance at weaning. Fifty primiparous sows in lactation were used, and distributed among five treatments (10 animals per treatments), and each treatments contained different levels of digestible lysine in the ration, corresponding to 0.88; 0.99; 1.04; 1.08 e 1.24%, with the same relations between the remaining amino acids. The litters were standardized with 11 piglets. These animals were distributed in a completely randomized blocks experimental design, and each litter was considered an experimental unit, in a total of 10 repetitions. The results were evaluated through statistical variance models, using linear regression or quadratic corresponding to the adjustment. The analysis of variance demonstrated that there was no statistic difference concerning the piglets weaning weights, and number of embryos in second parturition. It was concluded, that the different lysine levels did not influence the performance of piglets, and so, it is possible to use the lower studied level (0.88% of digestible lysine) in the diet of primiparous sows in lactation.O objetivo foi avaliar o melhor nível de lisina a ser utilizado na ração de fêmeas suínas de primeiro parto em lactação, em relação ao desempenho dos leitões ao desmame, e também avaliar o número de fetos e peso dos leitões no segundo parto. Foram utilizadas inicialmente 50 porcas primíparas em lactação, distribuídas entre os 5 tratamentos (10 animais por tratamento), sendo que os tratamentos foram os diferentes níveis de lisina digestível na ração, correspondendo a 0,88; 0,99; 1,04; 1,08 e 1,24%, mantidas as relações entre os demais aminoácidos. As leitegadas foram padronizadas com 11 leitões. Esses animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, sendo cada leitegada uma unidade experimental, assim obtendo-se 10 repetições. As variáveis analisadas foram submetidas à análise de variância e regressão. Não houve diferença estatística em relação ao peso dos leitões ao desmame, e tampouco do peso e número de fetos no segundo parto em função dos níveis de lisina. Conclui-se que os diferentes níveis de lisina não influenciam o desempenho dos leitões, podendo assim, ser utilizado o menor nível estudado (0,88% de lisina digestível) na dieta de porcas primíparas em lactação

Leucine levels in low protein diets for pigs in the initial phase

The objective of this study was to evaluate the standardized ileal digestible (SID) leucine levels in low crude protein diets on Performance, backfat thickness, longissimus dorsi depth and biochemical blood parameters of starting pigs. A total of 50 pigs, with initial weight of 11.14±0.24 kg; were distributed in a randomized blocks design with five treatments (1.10; 1.25; 1.40; 1.55 and 1.70% SID leucine), five replicates and two animals per experimental unit, comprised for a barrow and a gilt. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) reduced (P=0.018) due to the increasing SID leucine levels, without affecting other growth performance parameters (final weight, average daily feed intake, average daily gain, backfat thickness, longissimus dorsi depth and lean meat percentage). There was a quadratic effect for plasma triglyceride (P=0.049) and plasma urea (P=0.001). The optimal SID leucine levels obtained for triglycerides and urea were 1.16% and 1.24%, respectively, by associating the quadratic model with the Linear Response Plateu. Low crude protein diets with SID leucine levels up to 1.70% improved the feed conversion with desired urea and triglycerides concentration in blood plasmas achieved at 1.16% and 1.24%, respectively

Triptofano para leitões e sua relação com a lisina na fase inicial

Four experiments were carried out. In the first experiment it was aimed to evaluate the effect of oral Tryptophan (Trp) supplementation on the concentration of serotonin (5-HT) and 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA); on performance of piglets in suckling phase (from 14 to 21 days old) and nursery phase (from 21 to 22 and from 21 to 56 days old); and on normal and aggressive behavior of piglets under social stress in the first day after weaning. Piglets were allotted in two experimental diets, a test diet, containing Trp four times above the requirements, and a control diet, containing Alanine (Ala) and glucose. It was concluded that Trp supplementation in suckling phase, increases the concentration of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the hypothalamus of piglets and do not affect neither the performance in the suckling phase nor the aggressive behavior in the first day after weaning. Trp increases the frequency of visits to the feeders in the first day after weaning and improves feed conversion ratio of piglets in the first week after weaning. In experiment II, it was aimed to determine the standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in the basal diet (BD) with the lowest Trp (0.150%) and Lys (0.900%) levels. For collection of ileal digesta, a total of 10 crossbred barrows were used, with an average initial weight of 21.5±1.57 kg. The ileal digestible standardized levels of Trp and Lys were 0.155 and 0.972%, respectively, which were considered in diet formulation for the performance assays (III and IV). The performance assays were performed in order to determine the optimum levels, the requirements in g/day, as well as the ideal ratio between digestible Trp and Lys levels. In Experiments III and IV, 64 barrows (15±1.63 kg) and 64 gilts (15.04±1.44 kg) were used, respectively, which were allotted in a randomized block design (RBD), with 16 treatments and four replications in a factorial scheme 4x4 (four levels of digestible Trp: 0.155, 0.185, 0.215, 0.245% and four levels of digestible Lys: 0.972, 1.112, 1.252 and 1.392%). At the end of the trials, performance, Longissimus dorsi depth (LDD), backfat thickness (BT) and blood parameters were measured. In additionally, body temperature (back, head, tympanum and recto) was measured. In the experiment three, the final body weight (FBW), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and average daily gain (ADG) increased linearly (P<0.05) with increasing levels of digestible Trp. A quadratic effect of Trp and Lys levels on feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed, which were estimated the optimal levels of digestible Trp and Lys at 0.210% and 1.198%, respectively, resulting in a digestible Trp:Lys ratio of 17.5:100. Quadratic effect of Trp (P=0.021) and Lys (0.026) levels were noted on the LDD, in which the optimal levels of Trp and Lys were 0.208% and 1.136%, respectively, resulting in a digestible Trp:lys ratio of 18.3:100. Based on FCR, it was concluded that digestible Trp and Lys requirements for barrows are 0.210% and 1.198%, respectively, which corresponds in a ratio of 17.5:100. In experiment IV (females), a quadratic effect (P=0.038) of digestible Trp levels on the FBW and ADG was observed, while the ADFI increased linearly (P=0.005) with increasing levels of digestible Trp. For the FBW and ADG, 0.225 and 0.224% of digestible Trp were estimated, respectively. An interaction between digestible Trp and Lys levels was observed for FCR (P=0,007), which increased according to the levels of these amino acids, and reduced in the largest levels of Trp and Lys. The BT increased linearly (P=0.021) according to the digestible Trp levels. There was a quadratic effect (P=0.034) of digestible Trp levels on the LDD, in which the optimal level was estimated at 0.205%. Based on the ADG, it was concluded that the optimum level of digestible Trp for gilts, from 15 to 30 kg of body weight, is 0.224%, which corresponds to 2.99 g/day.Foram conduzidos quatro experimentos. No experimento I objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação oral de Triptofano (Trp) sobre a concentração hipotalâmica de serotonina (5-HT) e do ácido-5-hidroxi-indol-acético (5-HIAA); sobre o desempenho dos leitões na maternidade (dos 14 aos 21 dias) e na fase de creche (dos 21 aos 22 dias e dos 21 aos 56 dias de idade); e sobre o comportamento (normal e agressivo) dos leitões submetidos ao estresse social no primeiro dia após o desmame. Os leitões foram distribuídos em duas dietas experimentais, uma contendo Trp em quantidade quatro vezes acima da exigência, e outra dieta (controle) contendo Alanina (Ala) e glicose. Conclui-se que a suplementação de Trp, na maternidade, aumenta a concentração de serotonina e ácido 5-hidroxi-indol-acético no hipotálamo dos leitões, sem influenciar o desempenho na maternidade e o comportamento agressivo após o desmame. O Trp aumenta a freqüência de visita dos leitões aos comedouros no primeiro dia após o desmame e melhora a conversão alimentar (CA) na primeira semana. No experimento II objetivou-se determinar a digestibilidade ileal estandardizada dos aminoácidos da ração basal (RB) com os menores níveis de Trp (0,150%) e Lisina (0,900%). Para a coleta da digesta ileal, foram utilizados 10 suínos, machos castrados e mestiços, com peso médio inicial de 21,5±1,57 kg. Os níveis de Trp e Lisina (Lys) digestíveis ileais estandardizados foram de 0,155 e 0,972%, respectivamente, os quais foram considerados na formulação das rações dos experimentos de desempenho (III e IV). Os experimentos de desempenho foram conduzidos com o objetivo de determinar os níveis ótimos, a exigência em g/dia, bem como a relação ideal entre Trp e Lys xv digestíveis. Nos Experimentos III e IV, foram utilizados 64 suínos machos castrados (15±1,63 kg) e 64 fêmeas suínas (15,04±1,44 kg), respectivamente, os quais foram distribuídos em um delineamento de blocos casualizados (DBC), com 16 tratamentos e quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 4x4 (quatro níveis de Trp digestível: 0,155, 0,185, 0,215, 0,245% e quatro níveis de Lys digestível: 0,972, 1,112, 1,252 e 1,392%). No final dos experimentos, foram mensuradas as variáveis de desempenho, a espessura de toucinho (ET), a profundidade do músculo Longissimus dorsi (PLD) e os parâmetros sanguíneos. Adicionalmente, foi mensurada a temperatura corporal (dorso, cabeça, tímpano e reto) dos animais. No experimento III, o peso vivo final (PVF), consumo diário de ração (CDR) e ganho de peso diário (GPD) aumentaram linearmente (P<0,05) com o aumento dos níveis de Trp digestível. Foi observado efeito quadrático dos níveis de Trp e Lys digestível sobre a CA, em que foram estimados os ótimos níveis em 0,210 e 1,198%, que correspondem à exigência de 2,56 e 14,6 g/dia, respectivamente, resultando na relação Trp:Lys digestíveis de 17,5:100. Foi observado efeito quadrático dos níveis de Trp (P=0,021) e Lys (P=0,026) sobre a PLD, em que os níveis ótimos de Trp e Lys foram de 0,208 e 1,136%, respectivamente, resultando na relação Trp:Lys digestíveis de 18,3:100. Com base na CA, conclui-se que a exigência de Trp e Lys digestíveis para suínos machos castrados, é de 2,56 e 14,6 g/dia, respectivamente, proporcionando uma relação de 17,5:100. No experimento IV (fêmeas), obteve-se efeito quadrático (P=0,038) dos níveis de Trp digestível sobre o PVF e o GPD, e o CDR aumentou linearmente (P=0,005) com o aumento nos níveis de Trp digestível. Foram estimados 0,225 e 0,224% de Trp digestível para o PVF e GPD, respectivamente. Foi observada interação entre os níveis de Trp e Lys digestíveis para a CA (P=0,007), que aumentou em função dos níveis destes aminoácidos e reduziu nos maiores níveis de Trp e Lys. A ET aumentou linearmente (P=0,021) de acordo com os níveis de Trp digestível. Houve efeito quadrático (P=0,034) dos níveis de Trp digestível sobre a PLD, sendo estimado o nível ótimo de 0,205%. Com base no GPD, conclui-se que o nível ótimo de Trp digestível para fêmeas suínas é de 0.224%, que corresponde à exigência de 2,99 g/dia.117

DETERMINANTES DO PREÇO DO BOI GORDO NO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO

The current paper was proposed to analyze and determine the behavior and the direct and indirect relation between the sign of live cattle value and the main components of supplementation. The database was obtained by consulting secondary sources, which underwent path analysis to study the unfolding of the correlation coefficient (dependent variable x independent) in direct and indirect effects. The analysis period was from January 1999 to December in 2008. The corn presented a total correlation of 0.5080 indicating a substantial contribution for the increasing of beef value. The value of wheat bag had a direct effect of 0.4897 and an indirect effect through the soybean (0.5601), like this, the main components of concentrate supplementation (soybean, corn and wheat) showed high correlation with the sign of live cattle value in the state of Sao Paulo

Metabolisable energy prediction in energy feedstuffs and evaluation of the stepwise validation procedure using bootstrapping

ABSTRACT The use of predicted values of apparent metabolisable energy (AME), obtained from regression equations, can be useful for both research institutions and nutrition industries. However, there is a need to validate independent samples to ensure that the predicted equation for AME is reliable. In this study, data was collected in order to estimate the prediction equations of corn, sorghum and wheat bran for pig feed, based on the chemical composition, in addition to evaluating the validity of the stepwise selection procedure regressive method of non-parametric bootstrap resampling. Data from metabolism trials in pigs and the chemical composition of feedstuffs was collected from both Brazilian and international literature, expressed as dry matter. After the residue analysis, five models of multiple linear regression were adjusted to randomly generate 1000 bootstrap samples of equal size from the database via meta-analysis. The five estimated models were adjusted for all bootstrapped samples using the stepwise method. The highest percentage significance for regressor (PSR) value was observed for digestible energy (100%) in the AME1 model, and gross energy (95.7%) in the AME2 model, indicating high correlation of the regressive model with AME. The regressors selected for AME4 and AME5 resulted in a PSR of greater than 50%, and were validated for estimating the AME of pig feed. However, the percentage of joint occurrence of regressor models showed low reliability, with values between 2.6% (AME2) and 23.4% (AME4), suggesting that the stepwise procedure was invalid

Metabolizable energy in energy food for growing pigs and cross-validation regression models

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) of six corn cultivars, two sorghum cultivars and two wheat brans and to evaluate the cross-validation of predictive models of AME for corn, sorghum and wheat bran for growing pigs, as estimated from the data of chemical composition. Forty-four pigs, with an average initial weight of 24.3 kg, were distributed in a randomized block design, with 11 treatments (ten food treatments and the reference diet), four replicates and one pig per experimental unit. The reference diet was replaced by 30% for the ground corn and sorghum conditions and 20% for the wheat bran condition. The values of AME for corn, sorghum and wheat meal for pigs ranged from 3161 to 3275, 3317 to 3457 and 2767 to 2842 kcal kg-1 as a feed basis, respectively. The average metabolizability of the gross energy did not differ between the corn and sorghum cultivars, which formed a homogeneous group of food. Next, linear regression models were fitted to the 1st degree of the observed values as a function of the predicted AME, to test the hypothesis β0 = 0 and β1 = 1 in an experimental sample and 200 bootstrap samples. Fourteen predictive models had low percentages of cross-validation, ranging from 0-29.5%. The AME1A = 2.547 + 0.969ADE model was validated in experimental sample and 68% of bootstrap samples, proving its accuracy in estimating the AME of corn and sorghum from national data for growing pigs

Passion fruit seed meal at growing and finishing pig (30-90 kg) feeding

The passion fruit seed is a byproduct of the extraction of the passion fruit pulp and can be used for feeding to pigs. Two experiments were conducted (digestibility and performance) to evaluate the use of the passion fruit seed meal in feed for growing and finishing pigs. A digestibility trial was conducted with growing and finishing pigs, in which the passion fruit seed meal (PSM) replaced the reference diet (0% PSM) in levels of 4, 8, 12 and 16%. Thirty barrows were used with average weight of 36.85±4.19. The PSF showed DE and ME of 3.244 and 3.223 Mcal/kg, respectively. In the performance trial, were used 150 pigs, which 75 in the growing phase and 75 pigs in the finishing, with initial body weight of 30.63±1.49 and final of 60.38±4.75 kg and 60.40±1.50 and 90.02±4.84 kg, respectively. Five diets were used, with four inclusion levels of PSM (4, 8, 12 e 16%) and one control diet (0% of PSM). The PSM levels did not influence (P>0.05) the performance variables. In the growing pigs, serum levels of cholesterol increased linearly with (P0.05) by increasing levels of PSM in the diets. We conclude that the PSM can be used up to 16% in growing and finishing pigs diets

Validação de equações de predição da energia metabolizável do farelo de soja para suínos em crescimento

The aim of this study was to evaluate equations to predict the metabolizable energy (ME) of soybean meal (SBM) for swine. Seven SBM were used, which were analyzed for dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ash, calcium, phosphorus, solubility in potassium hydroxide (KOH) and urease index. To determine the ME of SBM, 32 barrows, with an average initial weight of 29.01 ± 3.64 kg, were used and distributed in a randomized blocks design, with seven treatments and four replicates. To validate the prediction equations, linear regression models were adjusted, using observed values of ME (metabolism trial) as a function of the estimated ME (obtained by applying the chemical composition of the SBM in selected equations found in the literature). The existence of regression was evaluated by the “t” test, partially applied to each parameter (?0 and ?1). The validation of the prediction models of first degree was obtained by accepting the joint null hypothesis ?0 = 0 and ?1 = 1. The equations ME = 5.42 - 17.2FDN - 19.4MM + 0.709GE and ME= 1099 + 0.740GE - 5.5MM - 3.7NDF are effective for estimating the ME of SBM for growing pigs.Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar equações para predizer a energia metabolizável (EM) do farelo de soja (FS) para suínos. Foram utilizados sete FS, os quais foram submetidos às análises de matéria seca, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, matéria mineral, cálcio, fósforo, solubilidade em hidróxido de potássio (KOH) e índice de urease. Para determinar a EM dos FS foram utilizados 32 suínos, machos castrados, com peso médio inicial de 29,01 ± 3,64 kg. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com sete tratamentos e uma ração referência, sendo utilizadas quatro repetições. Ajustaram-se os modelos de regressão linear utilizando-se valores de EM observados (ensaio de metabolismo) em função da EM estimada (obtidas pela aplicação da composição química dos FS em equações selecionadas na literatura). A existência da regressão foi avaliada pelo teste t parcial aplicado a cada parâmetro (?0 e ?1). A validação da predição dos modelos de 1º grau foi obtida pela aceitação da hipótese de nulidade conjunta ?0= 0 e ?1= 1. As equações EM= 5,42 - 17,2FDN - 19,4MM + 0,709EB e EM= 1099 + 0,740EB - 5,5MM - 3,7FDN são efetivas em estimar a EM do FS para suínos