An Analysis of Productive Efficiency of University Commercialization Activities.

In this paper, we examine the productivity of commercial activity by US universities in the past six years. While it is generally acknowledged that there has been a dramatic increase in university licensing and patenting, there is little understanding as to the extent to which this is the result of increased resources devoted to commercialization or to technical change in commercialization, where technical change has the standard definition of any increase in outputs that cannot be attributed to an increase in inputs.UNIVERSITIES ; PRODUCTIVITY

University-industry relationships and open innovation: Towards a research agenda

Accepted versio

Trends and transitions in the institutional environment for public and private science

The last quarter-century bore witness to a sea change in academic involvement with commerce. Widespread university-based efforts to identify, manage, and market intellectual property (IP) have accompanied broad shifts in the relationship between academic and proprietary approaches to the dissemination and use of science and engineering research. Such transformations are indicators of institutional changes at work in the environment faced by universities. This paper draws upon a fifteen-year panel (1981–1995) of university-level data for 87 research-intensive US campuses in order to document trends and transitions in relationships among multiple indicators of academic and commercial engagement. The institutional environment for public and private science is volatile, shifting in fits and starts from a situation conducive to organizational learning through high volume patenting to a more challenging arrangement that links indiscriminate pursuit of IP with declines in both the volume and impact of academic science. The pattern and timing of these transitions may support an enduring system of stratification that offers increasing returns to first-movers while limiting the opportunities available to universities that are later entrants to the commercial realm. Unpacking the systematic effects of university research commercialization requires focused attention on the sources and trajectories of profound institutional change.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42839/1/10734_2004_Article_2916.pd

The Performance of Structural Change Tests

Chow test, Wald test, heteroscedasticity, inflation persistence, structural change,

Spatial autocorrelation or model misspecification? The help from RESET and the curse of small samples

In regression analysis, model misspecification can produce spurious spatial correlation in the residuals. By means of Monte Carlo simulations, I show that the RESET test can help to disentangle this conundrum in large samples. Small samples can pose a serious challenge to finding the correct model

The Effects of University Patenting and Licensing on Downstream R&D Investment and Social Welfare

A central argument behind the Bayh-Dole Act presumed that firms had no incentives to invest in downstream R&D aimed at developing university inventions committed to the public domain. The empirical evidence on university patenting and licensing is partly at odds with the premises of this argument. Non-exclusive licensing of university patents has been common and lucrative, and in the area of biomedical technologies university patents and licensing restrictions may be a hindrance to downstream R&D, rather than a stimulus. The paper presents a model of R&D competition based on a university invention where appropriability conditions are defined by the patentability of downstream innovations and imitation opportunities. A comparison of equilibria under “open access” to university inventions and under “university patenting” shows that only under restrictive conditions the latter regime results in increased R&D investment and social welfare. In general, university licensing royalties are therefore a poor gauge of social welfare gains from university patenting. Copyright Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2006university patents, R&D competition, Bayh-Dole Act, downstream innovation, O310, O340,