La langue et la vie économique

Après avoir fait état des aspirations engendrées par notre système d'éducation au Québec, l'auteur, un économiste bien connu, étudie l'ordre des centres de décision, et donc du pouvoir économique dans notre province. Ces deux prémisses l’amènent finalement à faire trois propositions en vue d'assurer des possibilités de travail en français chez nous.My considerations on this problem shall be centered on three main topics : our educational system and the desires it gives birth to, our language and the present economic structure and finally the future status of French in Canada.OUR EDUCATIONAL SYSTEMSince a few years, education is a priority in the province of Quebec. One immediately derives from this remark two different questions of equal importance. Will there be enough jobs for all the future graduates ? Will there be enough jobs in French in order that our collective effort of education will not be wasted ? One can note that both questions have in the same time an individual and a collective dimension.For the individual, more of the best education is essential to his progress, his freedom and his security. If adequate jobs exist, our effort of education will have a positive effect on the individual.The problem changes when we touch the collective aspect of the question. As we all know, the existence of a large number of individuals well educated and trained to assume the many responsibilities of a developed and thus complex economy is the condition for a real economic growth. If there is not enough jobs created for French speaking individuals, the asymmetry will eliminate one language in favor of the other.The educational take off gave birth to rising expectations to the Quebec population seeing in it a powerful means of social and economic ascension.THE ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF QUEBECThe first thing one must note when considering the economic structure of Quebec is that the share of French is excessively low. Nobody will deny the influence of the economic power of the United States on our province. It is then not surprising to see that decision-making centers are far from being even a little bit ours. Let us consider what kind of economic power we have in Quebec :a) First one finds subsidiaries of giant American corporations particularly in the mine, oil, chemestry, electronic and automobile industries. It is almost impossible for local governments to change such a situation since these companies have a Worldwide scope and since they are installed in major economic fields where research stands first.b) In the second place, Canadian firms have a certain amount of economic power in Quebec. Can we ask them to move away thus creating important unemployment ?c) Then comes the governmental sector where decision-making is shared by the federal and provincial governments.d) Finally, one will find many small and average sized firms where the working language varies depending upon the owner and the management.So is the structure of our economic power. Even if we create enough jobs for our future graduates it is far from being sure that these youngsters will work in French.POSSIBILITIES OF JOBS IN FRENCHThis is a controversial issue which raises oppositions and differences.The solution brought forward by many well-intentionned associations, the so-called law on unilinguism, remembers me of those who pretend solving all economic and social problems of a country by adopting a new constitution. When economic and social factors are not sufficiently prepared by a systematic political action for the achievement of definite objectives, the law cannot rule reality. Can one reasonnably wish that legislation is the mean to change the language at work in our firms when the solution of this problem depends as much upon abroad as upon us all?Can we risk the economic future of our society by such a legislation?Does this mean that we must loose hope considering the use of our French and keep things as they are ? No. Allow me to make three proposals, of which the first are two fundamental and the third one accessory.a) Our educational system must produce youngsters able to understand the other language.b) Both languages must be used in our biggest institutions.c) The teachers must get youngsters to speak a very precise mother language.CONCLUSIONThe vanishing of English in our province is a myth not because we are member of the Canadian constitution but because we are a minority on the continent. To change our political regime cannot change our fundamental socio-economic dependance

Subgradients of algebraically convex functions: a Galois connection relating convex sets and subgradients of convex functions

Subgradients of convex functions have been defined in classical analysis for the Euclidean spaces. Here we describe a Galois connection between convex upsets and maximal homomorphisms (which are subgradient values), and interpret traditional results in terms of universal algebra, noting that (IR[superscript]n, I°) is a mode and (IR, max, I°) is a modal. These traditional results are then generalized to give subgradients of convex functions from modes to modals, and necessary conditions for existence are explored

Investigating the Decision-Making of Response to Intervention (RtI) Teams Within the School Setting

The purpose of this study was to measure decision-making influences within RtI teams. The study examined the factors that influence school personnel involved in three areas of RtI: determining which RtI measures and tools teams select and implement (i.e. Measures and Tools), evaluating the data-driven decisions that are made based on the assessment and intervention data (i.e. Data-Driven Decisions), and analyzing the process and procedures of the decision-making itself (i.e. Process and Procedures). Core RtI team members were asked to indicate which factors they found to be the most influential to both their team and personal decision-making processes, whether the perceptions of their position influence their decision-making, to identify aspects of the decision-making process in which they are involved, and whether those aspects differed across personnel. Additionally, this study examined whether RtI decision-making at the elementary level differed from decision-making at the middle school level. Faculty and staff from five South Carolina school districts who served on their school’s core RtI team were asked to participate in the study. Participants’ feedback was collected from the RtI Team Decision-Making Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics measuring frequency and percentages were performed to answer questions related to specific influences, perceptions, and level of involvement within the RtI decision-making process. Additionally, inferential statistics were used; Fisher’s Exact Test with a Monte Carlo technique approach was performed to determine associations between level of involvement in RtI decision-making and position, and the Exact Test without an estimate was used to analyze decision-making between school levels. Analysis of the results suggest that there are distinct factors that either greatly or minimally influence RtI decision-making, and that team member’s positions influence both their tier decision-making and level of involvement within various aspects of RtI. Furthermore, inferential testing does seem to suggest that there are significant associations between position and involvement in different decision-making aspects, as well as significant differences between elementary and middle school. This study concludes by explaining the practical importance of decision-making for both schools and district teams that are in the process of establishing an RtI program, or working to refine and improve their established RtI process

Ankle fracture surgery : clinical and epidemiological aspects

Ankle fractures are one of the most common fractures treated in orthopaedic surgery today and the trend towards surgical treatment has increased over the past decades. The ankle is though a sensitive area for surgical intervention concerning the surrounding soft tissues and early soft tissue complications such as infection are dreaded. Later sequelae, such as gait deviation and post-traumatic arthritis, might also lead to significant morbidity for these patients. The aim of this thesis was firstly to describe the epidemiology of ankle fractures in a large population and trends over time. Secondly, the aim was to study complications following ankle fracture surgery and to assess possible risk factors for complications, both in a clinical setting as well as in a large population. Thirdly, the aim was to study the gait pattern following ankle fracture surgery with a three-dimensional gait analysis method focusing on the foot and ankle. Study I is a population-based study of adult inpatients treated following ankle fractures in Sweden 1987-2004. The study included 91,410 patients, corresponding to a total annual incidence rate of 71 per 105 person-years. The annual increase of hospital admissions was 0.2% and was dominated by an increase in fracture incidence in the elderly women (0.9%). Mean age at admission was significantly higher in the female population. Study II is a population-based study of complications in adult inpatients following open reduction and internal fixation of ankle fractures in Sweden 2005-2010. The study included 23,411 patients. Infection was the most common short term complication with an overall rate of 3.7%. The highest risk of infection was seen in patients with open fractures. Other risk factors were diabetes, increasing age, fracture type and transport accidents. The 90 day amputation and mortality rates were 0.04% and 0.5% respectively. The overall rate of diagnosis of post- traumatic osteoarthritis (OA) over the study period was 1.8%. Risk of post-traumatic OA was increased in the presence of previous short term complications such as technical failure and infection. Arthrodesis surgery followed the pattern of osteoarthritis, while intervention with prosthesis surgery was rare. Study III and Study IV were clinical studies, where patients admitted to hospital after sustaining an ankle fracture requiring surgery were asked to participate in a follow-up study. The patients were assessed regarding risk factors for early post-operative complications, as well as possible gait deviations one year following surgery. 108 patients were included for early post-operative follow up where complications were defined as positive culture from surgical wound site and/or prescription of antibiotics because of suspected surgical site infection. The rate of positive cultures obtained was 10% and 19% of patients were treated with antibiotics. Age (≥60 years) was found as a risk factor for both positive culture and for receiving antibiotics. Care related factors such as timing of surgery did not affect the outcome measures significantly. 18 of the above included patients accepted further follow up assessing gait pattern following surgery. The patients were examined after a mean time of 13 months post-operatively. Three-dimensional gait analysis with The Oxford foot model was performed to assess kinematic changes in the injured ankle joint or joints in the foot. Both the injured ankle joint and the forefoot were found to have a decreased range of motion as compared to the non-injured side and controls. The Oxford foot model was an objective way of assessing ankle fractures post-operatively

Distraction Osteogenesis

Distrakcijska osteogeneza je sve popularniji postupak produženja kostiju ličnog skeleta. Uz intraoralne koriste se i ekstraoralni distraktori. Autori iznose pregled razvoja distraktora i njihovu primjenu u liječenju kostiju lica. Indikacija za korišenje distraktora se sve šire i distrakcija se koristi u liječenju malformacija, malformacijskih sindroma, postraumatskih defekata kosti, deformiteta i dr. Prednost im je relativno jednostavan i brz postupak, kratka hospitalizacija, nema potrebe za uzimanjem transplnatata kosti i najvažnije istovremeno produženje ne samo kosti nego i mekih tkiva.Distraction osteogenesis is increasingly used for bone lengthening of facial skeleton. Distractors may be intraoral and extraoral. The authors present development of distractors and their use for treatment of facial bones. Procedure may be used for treatment of malformations, syndroms, posttraumatic bone defects and deformities. The advantage of a distractor are a simple and fast procedure, short period of hospitalization, procedure does not require bone grafts and enables simultaneous bone lengthening and lengthening of soft tissues

Prospectives

Tiré de: Prospectives, vol. 3, no 1 (février 1967)Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 24 janv. 2013

Prospectives

Tiré de: Prospectives, vol. 3, no 6 (déc. 1967)Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 24 janv. 2013

Prospectives

Tiré de: Prospectives, vol. 3, no 1 (février 1967)Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 24 janv. 2013