Multi-Component Composting of Agricultural By-Products Improves Compost Quality and Effects on the Growth and Yield of Cucumber

Agricultural by-products can be converted into organic fertilizers through thermophilic composting process. In this study, four combinations of different agricultural by-product materials were composted to find a mixing treatment that improves thermophilic composting process and produces good quality compost. Four treatments included M1 (straw, chicken manure, elephant grass), M2 (straw, chicken manure, cabbage leaves), M3 (straw, cow manure, elephant grass) and M4 (straw, cow manure, cabbage leaves). Compost phytotoxicity was tested on Brassica and Spinach seeds through germination tests. Experiment of evaluating the effects of those compost combined with inorganic nitrogen fertilizer on the growth and yield of cucumber were also conducted. Research results indicate that using agricultural by-product composting materials including straw, chicken manure with elephant grass or cabbage leaves gave better temperature behavior, compost quality and volume than others. Composts of the treatments are considered free toxicity because they all give a germination of over 80%. Applying 70% composts of M1 or M2 combining with chemical nitrogen fertilizer replaced for 30 % of nitrogen in compost to soil increased significantly the growth and yield of cucumber. The agricultural by-products thus should be converted into nutritious compost which is healthy food feeding soil and crops to contribute to close the food chain in circular agriculture, protect environment, develop agriculture production sustainably

Effect of Nitrogen Application Timing on Growth, Grain Yield and Eating Quality of the KD18 and TH3-3 Rice Varieties

This study examined the effect of nitrogen application timing on growth characteristics and seed quality in inbred KD18 and hybrid TH3–3 rice varieties. A pot experiment was conducted in 2012 in a greenhouse at Kyushu University, Japan. The treatments were T0 (no nitrogen application), T1 (40:40:20), T2 (50:50:0), T3 (50:30:20), and T4 (50:20:30), with the ratios indicating the percentages of total nitrogen applied at the basal, active tillering, and panicle initiation stages. Tiller number and panicle number were highest in T2. The soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value was higher in T2 until the panicle initiation stage, after which it was higher in T4 for both varieties. KD18 produced more grain weight in T4 and T2, whereas TH3–3 produced the highest grain weight in T3. Late nitrogen application timing (T3 and T4) increased the starch and amylopectin content of the hybrid rice and the protein content of the inbred rice

Effects of Pretransplant Basal and Split Applications of Nitrogen on the Growth and Yield of Manawthukha Rice

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of pretransplant basal (surface application, BSF, and incorporation methods, BIC) and split applications of nitrogen (N) on the growth and yield parameters of rice. Using 120 kg N ha−1 except (N0, control), different percentages of N rate were applied at basal, tillering, and panicle initiation in five N split treatments. Growth parameters and dry matter were greater in BIC than BSF until panicle initiation stages. Among N split applications, N2 (25:50:25) using low basal surface N was optimized for maximum dry matter and yield. With large incorporated basal N, N1 (50:25:25) obtained greater dry matter and yield but did not differ from N4 (50:50:0). With omitted N at tillering, N5 (50:0:50) did not increase rice yield or dry matter by either method. This study highlighted that N split-application patterns affect the growth and yield parameters of Manawthukha rice

NPK Accumulation and Use Efficiencies of Manawthukha Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Affected By Pretransplant Basal and Split Applications of Nitrogen

We investigated the effects of split applications of nitrogen (N) on N, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) uptake and use efficiency of rice under basal surface-application and incorporation methods. Different amounts of N were applied at the basal, tillering, and panicle initiation stages in five N split treatments. Basal incorporation provided greater NPK uptake than basal surface application until initiation of the panicle. In basal surface application, N2 (25:50:25) resulted in the greatest total NPK uptake, use efficiency, and N recovery efficiency. In basal incorporation, N1 (50:25:25) resulted in greater values for all parameters. The N5 (50:0:50), which included omitting N at tillering, resulted in low N recovery efficiency and uptake, both under basal incorporation and basal surface application. These results emphasize that split applications of N influence N recovery efficiency and total NPK uptake and use efficiency of rice

Identification of traits and QTLs contributing to salt tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

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Effect of Nitrogen Application Timing on Growth, Grain Yield and Eating Quality of the KD18 and TH3-3 Rice Varieties

This study examined the effect of nitrogen application timing on growth characteristics and seed quality in inbred KD18 and hybrid TH3–3 rice varieties. A pot experiment was conducted in 2012 in a greenhouse at Kyushu University, Japan. The treatments were T0 (no nitrogen application), T1 (40:40:20), T2 (50:50:0), T3 (50:30:20), and T4 (50:20:30), with the ratios indicating the percentages of total nitrogen applied at the basal, active tillering, and panicle initiation stages. Tiller number and panicle number were highest in T2. The soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value was higher in T2 until the panicle initiation stage, after which it was higher in T4 for both varieties. KD18 produced more grain weight in T4 and T2, whereas TH3–3 produced the highest grain weight in T3. Late nitrogen application timing (T3 and T4) increased the starch and amylopectin content of the hybrid rice and the protein content of the inbred rice

Effects on NPK Status, Growth, Dry Matter and Yield of Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) by Organic Fertilizers Applied in Field Condition

The decline in rice yields as a result of excessive chemical fertilizer (CF) inputs is a matter of great concern in rice-growing regions of Asia. In two-year&#8217;s field experiments, the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) status, growth characteristics and yield of rice were examined by application of poultry manure (PM), cow manure (CM) and compost (CP). Organic fertilizers were applied as EMN (estimated mineralizable N) based on their total N content. Six treatments were assigned in a randomized complete block design: (1) no-N fertilizer (N0); (2) 50% CF (CF50), (3) 100% CF (CF100); 50% CF + 50% EMN from (4) PM or (5) CM or (6) CP. Compared with CF100, the CF50PM50 (total N &#8805; 4%) accumulated higher N, P and K content in leaf, sheath, panicle and seeds, resulting in greater growth and yield. The CF50PM50 increased yield by 8.69% and 9.70%, dry matter by 4.76% and 5.27% over CF100 in both years. The continuous application of CF50CM50 (total N &lt; 4%) and CF50CP50 (total N &lt; 4%) treatments led to similar NPK contents but higher yields than those of CF100 treatment in 2018. In conclusion, the organic fertilizer (total N &#8805; 4%) with the EMN method enhances higher N availability in each year. Continuous application of organic fertilizer (total N &lt; 4%) over two years effectively increased N availability in the second year. The 50% organic fertilizer (total N &#8805; 4%) and 50% CF led to increased NPK availability and rice yields over the 100% CF treatment, reducing CF usage and leading for sustainable agriculture