Simplified Kinetics and Colour Formation in Sucrose Solutions Based on A-Dicarbonyl Compounds

Dieser Beitrag ist mit Zustimmung des Rechteinhabers aufgrund einer (DFG geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich.This publication is with permission of the rights owner freely accessible due to an Alliance licence and a national licence (funded by the DFG, German Research Foundation) respectively.Colour formation in technical and model sucrose solutions was investigated resulting in a novel kinetic approach of MAILLARD reaction during thermal processing of sugar solutions. Presented results describe new aspects of the non-enzymatic browning reaction (MAILLARD reaction). Two temperature depending pathways of colour formation were found. Both reaction mechanisms are based on the formation of a-dicarbonyl compounds, the key intermediates of colour formation.Discussing temperature dependence of colour formation, a change on MAILLARD reaction mechanism takes place at 100.4 °C. Above this temperature the colour formation is strongly accelerated. Activation energy of the non-enzymatic browning energy for temperatures from 65 ° to 100.4 °C amounts 77 kJ/mol. In this temperature range, D-glucosone is the most important a-dicarbonyl compound for studied reaction systems. Above 100.4 °C, activation energy is equal to 112 kJ/mol and 3-deoxyosone is the dominant colour formation intermediate. Achieved results bridge the gap between the termination step of a MAILLARD reaction i.e. of colour formation (represented by its activation energy) and intermediates formation (reaction kinetics). In particular, a change of colour formation mechanism with reaction temperature was confirmed by specific formation of two a-dicarbonyl compounds, responsible for MAILLARD reaction in technical sugar solutions

Agility testing in amateur soccer: A pilot study of selected physical and perceptual-cognitive contributions

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships of physical and perceptual-cognitive factors with agility performance in amateur soccer players. Fifteen male amateur soccer players (age, 24.5 ± 1.9 years) completed a linear-sprint test with splits at 5 m, 10 m, and 30 m, a change-of-direction test of 12 m with 2 pre-planned directional changes of 45° at 2 m and 7 m, and a soccer-specific agility test with same movement pattern as the change-of-direction test but with the inclusion of a human stimulus performing passing movements. Additionally, the perceptual-cognitive deficit (agility performance minus change-of-direction performance) was calculated. In relation to agility performance, linear-sprint performance showed large relationships, which were higher with increasing sprint distance (5 m, r = 0.57; 10 m, r = 0.59; 30 m, r = 0.69), change-of-direction performance a very large relationship (r = 0.77), and the perceptual-cognitive deficit a large relationship (r = 0.55). The findings of this study highlight the relatively high contribution of both physical (i.e., linear-sprint and change-of-direction performance) and perceptual-cognitive factors (i.e., perceptual-cognitive deficit) in relation to soccer-specific agility performance at an amateur level. Consequently, such elements might be recommended to be included in training programs aimed at improving agility performance at this playing level. Moreover, the here introduced perceptual-cognitive deficit allows for a convenient and likewise thorough analysis of agility performance. Future studies should investigate the effects of both physically and perceptual-cognitive oriented training interventions on agility performance, which is considered a key element for success in soccer

Regulation of a Connection Admission Control Algorithm

Connection Admission Control (CAC) algorithms are used to decide whether an incoming connection should be accepted or rejected in a node of a network offering reservation based services in order to maintain the guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) in the network. In this paper, we consider the statistical CAC algorithm proposed by Elwalid et al. [ 2 ]. The traffic model is made of ON-OFF sources and the QoS parameter is the loss probability. Based on the traffic descriptors of existing and incoming connections, the algorithm takes its decision by computing an upper bound of this probability and checking whether it is larger than a given tolerance . Usually this tolerance is a fixed, given parameter. We propose here to adapt to react to the actual losses experienced at the node using a simple regulation mechanism: if the actual loss ratio is much smaller than the targeted loss ratio, is increased to make a more aggressive usage of the available resources, and vice versa if the actual loss ratio is too high. We discuss the influence of the regulation parameters and we show that despite its simplicity this regulated CAC improves significantly the performance of its non-tunable counterpart

Radar Target Simulation for Vehicle-in-the-Loop Testing

Automotive radar sensors play a vital role in the current development of autonomous driving. Their ability to detect objects even under adverse conditions makes them indispensable for environment-sensing tasks in autonomous vehicles. As their functional operation must be validated in-place, a fully integrated test system is required. Radar Target Simulators (RTS) are capable of executing end-of-line, over-the-air validation tests by looping back a received and afterward modified radar signal and have been incorporated into existing Vehicle-in-the-Loop (ViL) test beds before. However, the currently available ViL test beds and the RTS systems that they consist of lack the ability to generate authentic radar echoes with respect to their complexity. The paper at hand reviews the current development stage of the research as well as commercial ViL and RTS systems. Furthermore, the concept and implementation of a new test setup for the rapid prototyping and validation of ADAS functions is presented. This represents the first-ever integrated radar validation test system to comprise multiple angle-resolved radar target channels, each capable of generating multiple radar echoes. A measurement campaign that supports this claim has been conducted

Электромагнитная система забора отработанных шариковых породоразрушающих элементов для шароструйно-эжекторного бурового снаряда

Цель работы: провести анализ шароструйного способа бурения и разработать конструкцию электромагнитного улавливающего устройства. В процессе исследования проводились: обзор и анализ существующих конструкций буровых снарядов, оценочный расчет параметров улавливающего устройства, проработка конструкции. В результате исследования: была предложена конструкция электромагнитного улавливающего устройства. Степень внедрения: разработана конструкция.The object of the study are: bottom-hole processes in pellet impact drilling. Objective: to analyze pellet impact drilling method of drilling and to develop the construction of the electromagnetic capture device. In the process of the conducted research: a review and analysis of existing designs of drilling shells, the estimated calculation of the parameters of the capture device, the design of the structure. The study: was the proposed design of the electromagnetic capture device. Level of implementation: the developed design

Surface modified silicon nanochannel for urea sensing

Silicon nanowires have been surface functionalized with the enzyme urease for biosensor applications to detect and quantify urea concentration. The device is nanofabricated from a silicon on insulator (SOI) wafer with a top down lithography approach. The differential conductance of silicon nanowires can be tuned for optimum performance using the source drain bias voltage, and is sensitive to urea at low concentration. The experimental results show a linear relationship between surface potential change and urea concentration in the range of 0.1 to 0.68 mM. The sensitivity of our devices shows high reproducibility with time and different measurement conditions. The nanowire urea biosensor offers the possibility of high quality, reusable enzyme sensor array integration with silicon based circuits.Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, two-column format. Related papers can be found at nano.bu.ed

Банковские риски и надежность коммерческих банков

В наше время банковская структура это ключевая сфера национального хозяйства каждой цивилизованной страны. В последние годы в России она подверглась значительным корректировкам. Изменяются все составляющие банковской деятельности. Формирование финансового рынка привело к значительному изменению роли кредитных организаций в управлении народным хозяйством и увеличение роли кредита в структуре финансовых взаимоотношений. Ссуда подталкивает к развитию производительных сил, активизирует формирование источников денежных средств с целью расширения воспроизводства.Presently the bank structure is the key sphere of national economy of each civilized country. In recent years in Russia she has undergone considerable adjustments. All components of bank activity change. Formation of the financial market has led to considerable change of a role of credit institutions in management of the national economy and increase in a role of the credit in structure of financial relationship.The loan pushes to development of productive forces, intensifies formation of sources of money for the purpose of reproduction expansion

Разработка мероприятий для повышения эффективности и безопасности работы объектов линейной части участка магистрального газопровода "Сила Сибири"

Объектом исследования является участок магистрального газопровода "Сила Сибири". Цель работы – разработка мероприятий для повышения эффективности и безопасности работы объектов линейной части магистрального газопровода "Сила Сибири". В процессе исследования проводились расчеты толщины стенки трубопровода, расчет на прочность и устойчивость, прогнозный расчет размыва грунта засыпки на склоне на основании СП 36.13330.2012, СП 425.1325800.2018, а также с использованием РД 51-2.4-007-97 как справочного материала. Рассмотрены вопросы причин и последствий аварий на магистральных газопроводах (МГ), воздействия на МГ опасных геологических процессов (ОГП), рассмотрение процесса разработки и обоснования выбора мероприятий и сооружений инженерной защиты МГ от эрозионных процессов.The object of study is the section of the Power of Siberia gas pipeline. The purpose of the work is the development of measures to improve the efficiency and safety of the facilities of the linear part of the Power of Siberia gas pipeline. In the course of the study, calculations were made of the wall thickness of the pipeline, a calculation of strength and stability, a predictive calculation of erosion of backfill soil on the slope based on SP 36.13330.2012, SP 425.1325800.2018, and also using RD 51-2.4-007-97 as reference material. Issues of the causes and consequences of accidents on main gas pipelines (MG), the impact on MG of hazardous geological processes (GCP)