On the Heterogeneity of Northern Paiute Directives

In this chapter, I explore a variety of grammatical constructions involved in expressing or asserting a desired action or outcome-what properly (and traditionally) fall under the functional domain of commands (or directives)-in Northern Paiute (Western Numic; Uta-Aztecan). I also discuss the various situational contexts appropriate to their use and make a preliminary assessment of their historical developments, as both grammatical and sociocultural phenomena. This study is intended to contribute to the typological literature on commands and on nondeclarative speech acts more generally (see, especially, Konig and Siemund 2007 and Aikhenvald 2010, inter alia)

Evidentiality in the Uto-Aztecan Languages

Evidentiality, the grammatical expression of the information source for a proposition, is quite diverse among the languages of the Uto-Aztecan family. This diversity is manifest both in the number of terms and associated functional distinctions and in the formal means used to express evidential functions. The purpose of this chapter is to synthesize and describe properties of evidential expression across the family both as a contribution to a typology of evidential systems in the world\u27s languages and to an understanding of how such systems develop in the context of a well-established, but underrepresented and lesser-known, language family

Losing a Vital Voice: Grief and Language Work

Working with speakers of endangered languages often involves developing a deep rapport with the eldest members of a community. These relationships present unique challenges that include navigating great losses – not only of the language of study, but, more profoundly, the attendant death of its speakers. This essay is motivated by the recognition that the death of close consultants is inherent in work with endangered languages. It draws on case study examples to examine the emotional components of language work, specifically grief and loss, from both personal and professional perspectives. Our focus is on two key issues. The first is as a methodological issue that arises for those operating under a collaborative model of language work where investment by the community and participatory research by the fieldworker is the norm. The second is as a training issue involving our responsibilities to those we mentor in understanding the reality of close work with speakers, particularly of endangered languages. This reality includes careful consideration of their families and communities. Our hope is that this essay may serve as a foundation upon which a more thorough consideration of methodological issues and preparation through honest and open approaches to training can be constructed

Building blocks and COFs formed in concert —Three‐component synthesis of pyrene‐fused Azaacene covalent organic framework in the bulk and as films

A three‐component synthesis methodology is described for the formation of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) containing extended aromatics. Notably, this approach enables synthesis of the building blocks and COF along parallel reaction landscapes, on a similar timeframe. The use of fragmental building block components, namely pyrene dione diboronic acid as aggregation‐inducing COF precursor and the diamines o‐phenylenediamine (Ph), 2,3‐diaminonaphthalene (Naph), or (1R,2R)‐(+)‐1,2‐diphenylethylenediamine (2Ph) as extending functionalization units in conjunction with 2,3,6,7,10,11‐hexahydroxytriphenylene, resulted in the formation of the corresponding pyrene‐fused azaacene, i.e., Aza‐COF series with full conversion of the dione moiety, long‐range order, and high surface area. In addition, the novel three‐component synthesis was successfully applied to produce highly crystalline, oriented thin films of the Aza‐COFs with nanostructured surfaces on various substrates. The Aza‐COFs exhibit light absorption maxima in the blue spectral region, and each Aza‐COF presents a distinct photoluminescence profile. Transient absorption measurements of Aza‐Ph‐ and Aza‐Naph‐COFs suggest ultrafast relaxation dynamics of excited‐states within these COFs.Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft | Ref. ME 4515/1-2Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | Ref. SFRH/BD/141865/2018Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | Ref. PTDC/QUI-OUT/2095/2021Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | Ref. UIDB/50011/2020Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | Ref. UIDP/50011/2020Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia | Ref. LA/P/0006/2020National Science Foundation (EE.UU.) | Ref. DMR-1848067Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (Reino Unido) | Ref. EP/V055127/1Agencia Estatal de Investigación | Ref. RYC2020-030414-IUniversidade de Vigo/CISU

Functional Underpinnings of Diachrony in Relative Clause Formation: The Nominalization-Relativization Connection in Northern Paiute

The present paper explores the grammatical formation and synchronic variation of relative causes in the Northern Paiute (Western Numic; Uto-Aztecan) language, as determined by their functional and grammatical connections to nominalization. We find support for several hypotheses from the literature regarding the development of syntactic complexity along a paratactic-to-syntactic pathway. An approach that seeks functional explanations for diachronic developments helps to make sense of the data, particularly in connecting nominalization to relativation not as one of several available strategies for relative clause formation, but as part of the same complex functional and grammatical domain

Kuiyuidɨkadɨ (Pyramid Lake Reservation, Nevada)

The Pyramid Lake Reservation is about an hour’s drive northeast of Reno, Ne- vada. As such, it lies close to the major isogloss boundary that separates Oregon Northern Paiute (including Bannock) from Nevada Northern Paiute (Paviotso). The lake, a remnant of ancient Lake Lahontan, is home to the endemic Lahontan cutthroat trout, known locally as kuiyui, and is a popular fishery

Bannock (Fort Hall, Idaho)

The Bannock, whose precontact territory centered around the Snake River plain of southwestern Idaho and the Boise River valley, speak the variety of Northern Paiute most influenced by its close linguistic relative, Shoshoni. This influence may be due to a combination of factors, including the overlapping nature of aboriginal territories, the acquisition of the horse and buffalo-hunting culture, and the later impact of a one-way bilingualism that was present on the Fort Hall Indian Reservation, whereby nearly all Bannock speakers also spoke (and speak) Shoshoni, but not the reverse. The number of Bannock speakers, currently, may be no more than a dozen, although there is a dedicated group of language learners and teachers

Duck Valley Reservation (Owyhee, Nevada)

The Shoshone-Paiute community of Duck Valley includes reservation territory that straddles the Idaho-Nevada border. Recordings of the Duck Valley communolect were made at the home of the speaker’s niece in the presence of several extended family members, including speakers, passive bilinguals and non-speakers alike, as well as children. The speaker was 60 years old at the time and clearly enjoyed recounting Coyote stories. That said, a few of the stories were considered by her family to be a bit too lurid to include here

Toidɨkadɨ (Cattail-Eaters) of Stillwater Marsh

Wuzzie George (b. ~1880, d. December 20, 1984) was, by all accounts, a true keeper of traditional knowledge. Over the course of more than three decades, she provided detailed ethnographic information about her people, the Toidɨkadɨ (Cattail-Eaters), for ethnographer Margaret Wheat (1967) and anthropologist and historical linguist Catherine S. Fowler (1992). Wuzzie also had an ongoing working relationship with the intrepid folklorist Sven Liljeblad, as evidenced by this prayer, which she composed for him in Fallon, Nevada, during a time of illness