Consistency of pacing and metabolic responses during 2000-m rowing ergometry

PURPOSE: This study investigated the pacing strategy adopted and the consistency of performance and related physiological parameters across three 2000-m rowing-ergometer tests. METHODS: Fourteen male well-trained rowers took part in the study. Each participant performed three 2000-m rowing-ergometer tests interspersed by 3-7 d. Throughout the trials, respiratory exchange and heart rate were recorded and power output and stroke rate were analyzed over each 500 m of the test. At the completion of the trial, assessments of blood lactate and rating of perceived exertion were measured. RESULTS: Ergometer performance was unchanged across the 3 trials; however, pacing strategy changed from trial 1, which featured a higher starting power output and more progressive decrease in power, to trials 2 and 3, which were characterized by a more conservative start and an end spurt with increased power output during the final 500 m. Mean typical error (TE; %) across the three 2000-m trials was 2.4%, and variability was low to moderate for all assessed physiological variables (TE range = 1.4-5.1%) with the exception of peak lactate (TE = 11.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Performance and physiological responses during 2000-m rowing ergometry were found to be consistent over 3 trials. The variations observed in pacing strategy between trial 1 and trials 2 and 3 suggest that a habituation trial is required before an intervention study and that participants move from a positive to a reverse-J-shaped strategy, which may partly explain conflicting reports in the pacing strategy exhibited during 2000-m rowing-ergometer trials

The bromine-chlorinity ratio of sea water

Dittmar (3) first showed that a constant ratio apparently exists between the bromides and the total halides in the waters of the several oceans. Some years later Winkler (13) determined the bromine in samples of sea water, and the bromine-chlorinity ratio calculated from his results showed remarkable agreement but were slightly higher than those of Dittmar...

Soluble iron in coastal waters

Soluble iron, defined as the amount of the element found in a unit volume of millipore-filtered sea water, after oxidation of organic matter, has been determined on samples collected in insh!Jre waters of the State of Washington. After filtration the samples were oxidized. The particulate matter and its iron content were also determined. Bathophenanthrolene was the reagent used...

Determination and occurrence of cobalt in sea water

Methods have been investigated to ascertain the most desirable procedure for determining the trace concentrations of cobalt in sea water. The nitroso-R-salt method of Sandell was adopted and modified for sea water analysis. Samples of water were secured with the nonmetallic water sampler of Thompson and Chow. Preliminary studies of the waters of the San Juan Archipelago and of Puget Sound showed cobalt concentrations ranging from 0.0039 to 0.0054 µg-at Co/I

The determination and occurrence of aluminum in sea water

The presence of aluminum ions in sea water has long been an accepted fact, but there are few figures available on the concentrations in which the element exists and in particular under varying conditions…

Seasonal variation in the concentration of copper in the surface waters of San Juan Channel, Washington

The concentration of copper in the surface water of San Juan Channel in the State of Washington was determined over a period of 17 months…

Notes on the determination of dissolved oxygen in sea water

The oxygen dissolved in sea water is usually determined by the classical method of Winkler. Probably because of the large number of investigators who have used this method, there have developed various modifications in the method of collecting samples, in the standardization of the sodium thiosulfate solution, and in the titration of the samples. It is the purpose of this paper to discuss these various methods, the sources of possible error, and to present the best procedure for standardization of the sodium thiosulfate solution

The determination of silicate in sea water

The normal range of silicate in sea water is from 0.0 to about 200 µg. atoms Si per liter at 20° C. It has not been fully demonstrated whether the silicate determined by the method described below is in the colloidal or ionic form or both

The determination of phosphates in sea water

The concentration of phosphates in sea water varies from 0.000 to about 2.00 microgram atoms (µg. atoms) phosphate-phosphorus per liter at 20° C. Occasionally a maximum of 3.00 µg. atoms may be found in some deep arms of the sea

The determination of nitrates in sea water

The concentrations of nitrite-nitrogen in sea water varies from 0.000 to 2.00 microgram atoms (µg. atoms) per liter of sea water at 20° C. In the open ocean nitrites are seldom found in depths below 100 meters, and even at these depths the water may be completely devoid of nitrites. When occurring in waters near the surface, the concentration is generally less than 0.10 µg. atom of nitrite-nitrogen per liter. The higher values are obtained at times in the waters on the continental shelf and in sounds, straits, fjords and estuaries