Postsynthetic Modification of Metal–Organic Frameworks through Nitrile Oxide–Alkyne Cycloaddition

Postsynthetic modification of metal–organic frameworks is an important method to tailor their properties. We report on the nitrile oxide–alkyne cycloaddition (NOAC) as a modification tool, a reaction requiring neither strained alkynes nor a catalyst. This is demonstrated with the reaction of nitrile oxides with PEPEP-PIZOF-15 and -19 at room temperature. PIZOF-15 and -19 are porous Zr-based MOFs (BET surface areas 1740 and 960 m² g^–1, respectively) consisting of two mutually interpenetrating UiO-type frameworks with linkers of the type ^–O₂C­[PE-P­(R¹,R²)-EP]­CO₂^– (P, phenylene; E, ethynylene; R¹ and R², side chains at the central benzene ring with R¹ = R² = OCH₂CCH or R¹ = OCH₂CCH and R² = O­(CH₂CH₂O)₃Me). Their syntheses, using benzoic acid as a modulator, and their characterization are reported herein. The propargyloxy (OCH₂CCH) side chains contain the ethyne moieties needed for NOAC. Formation of nitrile oxides through oxidation of oximes in aqueous ethanolic solution in the presence of PEPEP-PIZOF-15 and -19 resulted in the reaction of 96–100% of the ethyne moieties to give isoxazoles. Thereby the framework was preserved. The type of nitrile oxide RCNO was greatly varied with R being isopentyl, tolyl, 2-pyridyl, and pentafluorophenyl. A detailed NMR spectroscopic investigation showed the formation of the 3,5-disubstituted isoxazole to be clearly favored (≥96%) over that of the constitutional isomeric 3,4-disubstituted isoxazole, except for one example

Conjugates of Modified Cryptophycins and RGD-Peptides Enter Target Cells by Endocytosis

Tumor targeting anticancer drug conjugates that contain a tumor recognition motif (homing device) are of high current relevance. Cryptophycins, naturally occurring cytotoxic <i>cyclo</i>-depsipeptides, have been modified by total synthesis to provide analogues suitable for conjugation to peptide-based homing devices. An array of functionalized β²-amino acids was synthesized and incorporated into cryptophycins. All analogues proved to be highly active in the cytotoxicity assay using the human cervix carcinoma cell line KB-3-1 and its multidrug-resistant subclone KB-V1. Conformational analysis of cryptophycin-52 and two synthetic analogues was performed by NMR and MD methods to obtain information on the influence of the unit C configuration on the overall conformation. An azide-functionalized cryptophycin was connected by CuAAC to an alkyne-containing fluorescently labeled cyclic RGD-peptide as the homing device for internalization studies. Confocal fluorescence microscopy proved integrin-mediated internalization by endocytosis and final lysosomal localization of the cryptophycin prodrug

Expanding the Group of Porous Interpenetrated Zr-Organic Frameworks (PIZOFs) with Linkers of Different Lengths

A Zr-based MOF of the PIZOF type, which consists of two independent and mutually interpenetrating UiO-type frameworks with [Zr₆O₄(OH)₄(O₂C)₁₂] nodes, does not only form with a PEPEP dicarboxylic acid (P = phenylene, E = ethynylene). Also dicarboxylic acids with the shorter PPPP and PEPP spacers were found to give PIZOFs, denoted PPPP-PIZOF and PEPP-PIZOF, respectively. Reducing the spacer length even further to a PEEP segment caused a switchover to the formation of a UiO framework. The hysteresis in the Ar sorption curve of PEPP-PIZOF-1 and the slightly too large amount of combustion residue from PPPP-PIZOF-1 suggest structural defects. These hint at a mismatch between the requirement of the optimal linker length for PIZOF formation and the lengths of the PEPP and PPPP dicarboxylates. Nevertheless, these dicarboxylates prefer the formation of a PIZOF over the formation of a UiO structure. PEPEP-PIZOF-2, PPPP-PIZOF-1, and PEPP-PIZOF-1 are stable in air up to 325, 350, and 300 °C, respectively, and have BET surface areas of 2350, 2020, and 1650 m² g^–1, respectively. PEPEP-PIZOFs, even those with very hydrophilic oligo­(ethylene glycol) side chains on the linkers, are very stable in water and also during drying from a water-wetted state. On the contrary, PEPP-PIZOF-1 and PPPP-PIZOF-1 that had been exposed to water required exchange of water for ethanol before drying to mostly preserve the framework. The results emphasize the importance of differentiating between framework damage caused through hydrolysis in water and through drying from a water-wetted state. The sensitivity of PEPP-PIZOF-1 and PPPP-PIZOF-1 against drying from a water-wetted state may be the consequence of defects. The drying stability of water-wetted PEPEP-PIZOFs lets us suggest that reversible bending of the linkers contributes to the stability of the PEPEP-PIZOFs