Pou3f4-mediated regulation of ephrin-b2 controls temporal bone development in the mouse.

The temporal bone encases conductive and sensorineural elements of the ear. Mutations of POU3F4 are associated with unique temporal bone abnormalities and X-linked mixed deafness (DFNX2/DFN3). However, the target genes and developmental processes controlled by POU3F4 transcription factor activity have remained largely uncharacterized. Ephrin-B2 (Efnb2) is a signaling molecule with well-documented effects on cell adhesion, proliferation, and migration. Our analyses of targeted mouse mutants revealed that Efnb2 loss-of-function phenocopies temporal bone abnormalities of Pou3f4 hemizygous null neonates: qualitatively identical malformations of the stapes, styloid process, internal auditory canal, and cochlear capsule were present in both mutants. Using failed/insufficient separation of the stapes and styloid process as a quantitative trait, we found that single gene Efnb2 loss-of-function and compound Pou3f4/Efnb2 loss-of-function caused a more severe phenotype than single gene Pou3f4 loss-of-function. Pou3f4 and Efnb2 gene expression domains overlapped at the site of impending stapes-styloid process separation and at subcapsular mesenchyme surrounding the cochlea; at both these sites, Efnb2 expression was attenuated in Pou3f4 hemizygous null mutants relative to control. Results of immunoprecipitation experiments using chromatin isolated from nascent middle ear mesenchyme supported the hypothesis of a physical association between Pou3f4 and specific non-coding sequence of Efnb2. We propose that Efnb2 is a target of Pou3f4 transcription factor activity and an effector of mesenchymal patterning during temporal bone development

Comparative gene and Cre-mediated reporter expression in the developing middle ear at E12.5.

<p>(<b>A, B</b>) <i>Efnb2</i> and <i>Pou3f4</i> gene expression domains, as shown in adjacent transverse sections through a wild-type E12.5 embryo. The stapedial artery, positioned roughly at the center of the stapes condensation, is marked by brown dots and by strong expression of <i>Efnb2</i> in the arterial endothelium (A). Asterisks highlight the facial nerve dorsal to the stapes condensation. Arrowheads highlight a region of overlapping <i>Efnb2</i> and <i>Pou3f4</i> signal dorsal to the stapedial artery and surrounding the facial nerve. (<b>C, D</b>) Transverse section through a wild-type E12.5 embryo stained with alcian blue/nuclear fast red (C) and a scaled schematic drawing (D) of the stapes condensation and neighboring structures. White dot in (C) highlights the stapedial artery. Asterisks in (C,D) highlight the VIIth nerve. <i>cc</i>, otic capsule condensation; <i>cv</i>., cardinal vein; <i>oe</i>, otic epithelium; <i>ph./eu</i>., nascent pharynx/eustachian tube; <i>pom</i>, periotic mesenchyme; <i>sta</i>, stapes mesenchymal condensation; st art., stapedial artery; <i>sty</i>, styloid process mesenchymal condensation; <i>vii n</i>., VIIth nerve. (<b>E, F</b>) Sox9-IRES-Cre- (E) and Pou3f4-Cre- (F) mediated ROSA-YFP reporter expression in the region of the E12.5 nascent middle ear, as schematized in (D). (C–F) are shown to scale. Cre-positive cells or descendents of Cre-positive cells are labeled green. DAPI-positive nuclei are purple. White dots highlight the stapedial artery; asterisks highlight the VIIth nerve.</p

Comparative expression of <i>Efnb2</i>, <i>Pou3f4</i>, and <i>Sox9</i> at E13.5 and E16.5.

<p>Adjacent transverse sections through embryos at two developmental stages, hybridized to detect <i>Efnb2</i> (A,D), <i>Pou3f4</i> (B, E), or Sox9 (C, F). <i>c</i>, cartilaginous cochlear capsule; <i>cd</i>, cochlear duct; <i>eam</i>, external auditory canal; <i>eu</i>, nascent eustacian tube; <i>i</i>, incus; <i>m</i>, malleus; <i>ph</i>, pharynx, <i>spg</i>, spiral ganglion, <i>s</i>, stapes. Asterisk highlights the facial nerve. Double arrowheads in (A–C) highlight overlapping <i>Efnb2</i> and <i>Pou3f4</i> signals and relatively weak <i>Sox9</i> signal dorsal to the stapes. Single arrowhead in (F) highlights a lack of Sox9 signal in the corresponding region at E16.5. White arrowheads in (D, E) highlight overlapping <i>Efnb2</i> and <i>Pou3f4</i> signals at the forming S–V joint. Scale bar represents 200 microns in (A–C) and 250 microns in (D–F).</p

Occurrence of stapes-facial canal connectivity in adult <i>Pou3f4</i> and <i>Efnb2</i> single and compound mutant mice.

a<p> sample size refers to the number of ears analyzed.</p><p>* 0.02</p><p>** p<0.0001; all pairwise Fisher's exact tests were performed relative to the <i>Pou3f4</i>^Cre/Y; <i>Efnb2</i>^+/+ genotype. Statistical significance set at P<0.05.</p><p>Occurrence of stapes-facial canal connectivity in adult <i>Pou3f4</i> and <i>Efnb2</i> single and compound mutant mice.</p

Enrichment of a putative Pou3f4 DNA binding site in anti-Pou3f4 middle ear ChIP eluate compared to IgY middle ear ChIP eluate.

<p>(<b>A</b>) Organization of the murine <i>Efnb2</i> genomic locus. Green triangles and box identify putative Pou3f4 DNA binding sites (ATTATTA motifs) at non-coding regions. Red triangle identifies the site of a selected negative control target lacking the ATTATTA motif. (<b>B</b>) Change in Pou3f4 DNA binding site abundance resulting from application of either anti-Pou3f4 and IgY IP, as assessed by qPCR and expressed in terms of fold changes for paired data (anti-Pou3f4 eluate/IgY eluate). Data for chromatin preparations from either E12.25 middle ear or E10.5 limb mesenchyme are shown. Each bar represents the range of fold change values obtained for sets of paired data (n = 8 Pou3f4 vs. IgY pulldown pairs, resulting from two qPCR trials with each of four independent chromatin preparations per tissue type; see Materials and Methods). Each horizontal line represents an average fold change.</p

Occurrence of stapes-facial canal or -styloid connectivity in <i>Pou3f4</i>^Cre/Y and <i>Efnb2</i> CKO mice.

a<p> sample size refers to the number of ears analyzed.</p><p>* P = 0.0365, compared to <i>Pou3f4</i>^Cre/Y neonate by Fisher's exact test. Statistical significance set at P<0.05.</p><p>Occurrence of stapes-facial canal or -styloid connectivity in <i>Pou3f4</i>^Cre/Y and <i>Efnb2</i> CKO mice.</p

The effect of randomized school admissions on voter participation ☆

Abstract There is little causal evidence on the effect of economic and policy outcomes on voting behavior. This paper uses randomized outcomes from a school choice lottery to examine if lottery outcomes affect voting behavior in a school board election. We show that losing the lottery has no significant impact on overall voting behavior; however, among white families, those with above median income and prior voting history, lottery losers were significantly more likely to vote than lottery winners. Using propensity score methods, we compare the voting of lottery participants to similar families who did not participate in the lottery. We find that losing the school choice lottery caused an increase in voter turnout among whites, while winning the lottery had no effect relative to non-participants. Overall, our empirical results lend support to models of expressive and retrospective voting, where likely voters are motivated to vote by past negative policy outcomes. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Board of Elections for making this project possible. We thank Donald Green and Alan Gerber for invaluable comments. We would also like to than

Role of Neuropilin-1/Semaphorin-3A signaling in the functional and morphological integrity of the cochlea.

Neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) encodes the transmembrane cellular receptor neuropilin-1, which is associated with cardiovascular and neuronal development and was within the peak SNP interval on chromosome 8 in our prior GWAS study on age-related hearing loss (ARHL) in mice. In this study, we generated and characterized an inner ear-specific Nrp1 conditional knockout (CKO) mouse line because Nrp1 constitutive knockouts are embryonic lethal. In situ hybridization demonstrated weak Nrp1 mRNA expression late in embryonic cochlear development, but increased expression in early postnatal stages when cochlear hair cell innervation patterns have been shown to mature. At postnatal day 5, Nrp1 CKO mice showed disorganized outer spiral bundles and enlarged microvessels of the stria vascularis (SV) but normal spiral ganglion cell (SGN) density and presynaptic ribbon body counts; however, we observed enlarged SV microvessels, reduced SGN density, and a reduction of presynaptic ribbons in the outer hair cell region of 4-month-old Nrp1 CKO mice. In addition, we demonstrated elevated hearing thresholds of the 2-month-old and 4-month-old Nrp1 CKO mice at frequencies ranging from 4 to 32kHz when compared to 2-month-old mice. These data suggest that conditional loss of Nrp1 in the inner ear leads to progressive hearing loss in mice. We also demonstrated that mice with a truncated variant of Nrp1 show cochlear axon guidance defects and that exogenous semaphorin-3A, a known neuropilin-1 receptor agonist, repels SGN axons in vitro. These data suggest that Neuropilin-1/Semaphorin-3A signaling may also serve a role in neuronal pathfinding in the developing cochlea. In summary, our results here support a model whereby Neuropilin-1/Semaphorin-3A signaling is critical for the functional and morphological integrity of the cochlea and that Nrp1 may play a role in ARHL

Role of Neuropilin-1/Semaphorin-3A signaling in the functional and morphological integrity of the cochlea

<div><p><i>Neuropilin-1 (Nrp1)</i> encodes the transmembrane cellular receptor neuropilin-1, which is associated with cardiovascular and neuronal development and was within the peak SNP interval on chromosome 8 in our prior GWAS study on age-related hearing loss (ARHL) in mice. In this study, we generated and characterized an inner ear-specific <i>Nrp1</i> conditional knockout (CKO) mouse line because <i>Nrp1</i> constitutive knockouts are embryonic lethal. <i>In situ</i> hybridization demonstrated weak <i>Nrp1</i> mRNA expression late in embryonic cochlear development, but increased expression in early postnatal stages when cochlear hair cell innervation patterns have been shown to mature. At postnatal day 5, <i>Nrp1</i> CKO mice showed disorganized outer spiral bundles and enlarged microvessels of the stria vascularis (SV) but normal spiral ganglion cell (SGN) density and presynaptic ribbon body counts; however, we observed enlarged SV microvessels, reduced SGN density, and a reduction of presynaptic ribbons in the outer hair cell region of 4-month-old <i>Nrp1</i> CKO mice. In addition, we demonstrated elevated hearing thresholds of the 2-month-old and 4-month-old <i>Nrp1</i> CKO mice at frequencies ranging from 4 to 32kHz when compared to 2-month-old mice. These data suggest that conditional loss of <i>Nrp1</i> in the inner ear leads to progressive hearing loss in mice. We also demonstrated that mice with a truncated variant of <i>Nrp1</i> show cochlear axon guidance defects and that exogenous semaphorin-3A, a known neuropilin-1 receptor agonist, repels SGN axons <i>in vitro</i>. These data suggest that Neuropilin-1/Semaphorin-3A signaling may also serve a role in neuronal pathfinding in the developing cochlea. In summary, our results here support a model whereby Neuropilin-1/Semaphorin-3A signaling is critical for the functional and morphological integrity of the cochlea and that <i>Nrp1</i> may play a role in ARHL.</p></div