African swine fever : an Update

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La representació de la memòria històrica. Anàlisi dels programes televisius que tracten la Guerra Civil i el franquisme a Catalunya

El present treball estudia la representació de la memòria històrica a través del mitjà televisiu a Catalunya. En concret, se centra en la representació dels esdeveniments més traumàtics de la història contemporània d'Espanya, la Guerra Civil i el franquisme. A partir de l'anàlisi de cinc productes recents de característiques diferents s'estableixen els punts en comú i les variants en el discurs sobre la memòria històrica transmès per la televisió.El presente trabajo estudia la representación de la memoria histórica a través del medio televisivo en Cataluña. En concreto, se centra en la representación de los acontecimientos más traumáticos de la historia contemporánea de España, la Guerra Civil y el franquismo. A partir del análisis de cinco productos recientes de características diferentes se establecen los puntos en común y las variantes en el discurso sobre la memoria histórica transmitido por la televisión.This study examines the representation of historical memory on television in Catalonia. In particular, it focuses on the representation of the most traumatic events in the contemporary history of Spain, the Civil War and the Francoist Spain. It is based on the analysis of five recent products with different characteristics, in order to define the points in common and the differences of the discourse on the historical memory broadcasted by television

Dry deposition and canopy uptake in Mediterranean holm-oak forests estimated with a canopy budget model : a focus on N estimations

Bulk/wet and throughfall fluxes of major compounds were measured from June 2011 to June 2013 at four Mediterranean holm-oak (Quercus ilex) forests in the Iberian Peninsula. Regression analysis between net throughfall fluxes and precipitation indicated that the best defined canopy process was leaching for K⁺ and uptake for NH₄⁺ at all sites. A more variable response between sites was found for Na⁺, Ca²⁺, SO₄²⁻ and Cl⁻, which suggests that the interplay of dry deposition, leaching and uptake at the canopy was different depending on site climate and air quality characteristics. A canopy budget model (CBM) was used to try to discriminate between the canopy processes and enable to estimate dry deposition and uptake fluxes at three of the sites that complied with the model specifications. To derive N uptake, an efficiency factor of NH₄⁺ vs. NO₃⁻ uptake (xNH₄) corresponding to moles of NH₄⁺ taken up for each NO₃⁻ mol, has to be determined. Up to now, a value of 6 has been proposed for temperate forests, but we lack information for Mediterranean forests. Experimental determination of N absorption on Quercus ilex seedlings in Spain suggests efficiency factors from 1 to 6. Based on these values, a sensitivity analysis for xNH₄ was performed and the NH₄N and NO₃N modeled dry deposition was compared with dry deposition estimated with independent methods (inferential modeling and washing of branches). At two sites in NE Spain under a milder Mediterranean climate, the best match was obtained for xNH4 = 6, corroborating results from European temperate forests. Based on this value, total DIN deposition was 12-13 kg N ha−1 y−1 at these sites. However, for a site in central Spain under drier conditions, variation of the NH4+ efficiency factor had little effect on DD estimates (which ranged from 2 to 2.6 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ with varying xNH₄); when added to wet deposition, this produced a total N deposition in the range 2.6-3.4 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹. Dry deposition was the predominant pathway for N, accounting for 60-80% of total deposition, while for base cations wet deposition dominated (55-65%). Nitrogen deposition values at the northwestern sites were close to the empirical critical load proposed for evergreen sclerophyllous Mediterranean forests (15-17 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹). When organic N deposition at these forests is added (3 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹), the total N input to the sites in NE Spain are close to the critical loads for Mediterranean evergreen oak forests

Characteristics of surveillance sites included in meta-analysis (<i>n</i> = 21).

<p>Australia non-Indigenous does not include data from the State of New South Wales.</p>a<p>Vaccine schedule  =  Primary + booster.</p>b<p>Proportion of children receiving the full infant dose by 12 months. N/P (not provided), meaning that immunization coverage not provided for year 1 and/or last year of surveillance data provided, although all included datasets were from sites that indicated they reached ≥70% coverage in the post-PCV period.</p>c<p>Active (A), proactive effort to identify all cases in an area; passive (P), reporting of cases by clinicians or laboratories without a systematic approach to capture cases not reported.</p>d<p>Number of surveillance years included in the IPD analysis for children <5 y. Number of surveillance years the same for adult age groups unless otherwise indicated.</p>e<p>Not applicable (N/A), age group not included in meningitis analysis. For some sites, some ≥18 y age categories excluded from meningitis analysis (<a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001517#pmed-1001517-t001" target="_blank">Table 1</a>; <a href="http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001517#pmed.1001517.s013" target="_blank">Table S1</a>).</p>f<p>Site, adult age group (<i>n</i> surveillance years). England and Wales: 18–49 y (4); 50–64 y, and ≥65 y (2). The Netherlands: ≥18 y (2). Norway: ≥18 y (2). USA-Navajo: 50–64 y (4).</p>g<p>Not applicable (NA), age group not included in IPD analysis. France and Ireland only included in the meningitis only analysis.</p><p>ABCs, Active Bacterial Core Surveillance; KPNC, Kaiser Permanente Northern California; NT, Northern Territory; PPV, pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine.</p

Invasive pneumococcal disease summary rate ratios from random effects meta-analysis, comparing observed over expected rates, by age, serotype group, and post-PCV7 introduction year for all sites.

<p>Invasive pneumococcal disease summary rate ratios from random effects meta-analysis, comparing observed over expected rates, by age, serotype group, and post-PCV7 introduction year for all sites.</p

All serotype invasive pneumococcal disease summary rate ratio forest plots by post-introduction year from random effects meta-analysis for adults aged ≥65 years.

<p>Site abbreviations: ABCs, USA Active Bacterial Core Surveillance; AIP, USA Alaska; AUSI, Australian Indigenous Northern Territory; AUSN, Australian Non-Indigenous; CAL, Canada Calgary; CHE, Switzerland; CZE, Czech Republic; DEN, Denmark; E&W, England and Wales; GRC, Greece; ISR, Israel; NAV, USA Navajo; NCK, USA Kaiser Permanente Northern California; NLD, The Netherlands; NOR, Norway; NZL, New Zealand; SCT, Scotland; URY, Uruguay; UTA, USA Utah.</p

Recommendations for maximizing the interpretability of surveillance data on invasive pneumococcal disease rates in the context of serotype replacement.

<p>CSF, cerebrospinal fluid.</p

Non-vaccine serotype invasive pneumococcal disease summary rate ratio forest plots by post-introduction year from random effects meta-analysis for adults aged ≥65 years.

<p>Site abbreviations: ABCs, USA Active Bacterial Core Surveillance; AIP, USA Alaska; AUSI, Australian Indigenous Northern Territory; AUSN, Australian Non-Indigenous; CAL, Canada Calgary; CHE, Switzerland; CZE, Czech Republic; DEN, Denmark; E&W, England and Wales; GRC, Greece; ISR, Israel; NAV, USA Navajo; NCK, USA Kaiser Permanente Northern California; NLD, The Netherlands; NOR, Norway; NZL, New Zealand; SCT, Scotland; URY, Uruguay; UTA, USA Utah.</p

Datasets included.

a<p><50% serotyped in some years.</p>b<p>Major changes or biases in surveillance that could affect estimates of serotype-specific rate and could not be adjusted for in the analysis.</p>c<p>Included only in year +1; <50% serotyped in year 2.</p

Post-PCV7 introduction pneumococcal meningitis summary rate ratios.

<p>Summary RRs from random effects meta-analysis. Summary RRs esimated by dividing observed by expected rates and calculated for each age-serotype group. 95% confidence interval indicated by error bars. Y-Axis on log scale.</p