3,359 research outputs found
The -equivariant cohomology of complex projective spaces
In this article we compute the cohomology of complex projective spaces
associated to finite dimensional representations of graded on
virtual representations of its fundamental groupoid. This fully graded theory,
unlike the classical -graded theory, allows for the definition of
push-forward maps between projective spaces, which we also compute. In the
computation we use relations and generators coming from the fully graded
cohomology of the projective space of , the complete complex
-universe, as carried out by the first author. This work is the
first step in a program for developing -equivariant Schubert
calculus.Comment: 42 pages, this is a minor update. The proof of the multiplicative
additive structure has been uniformized with the rest of the paper. Typos
have been correcte
Edaphic Specialization in Tropical Trees: Physiological Correlates and Responses to Reciprocal Transplantation
Recent research has documented the importance of edaphic factors in determining the habitat associations of tree species in many tropical rain forests, but the underlying mechanisms for edaphic associations are unclear. At Sepilok Forest Reserve, Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, two main soil types derived from sandstone (ridges) and alluvium (valleys) differ in nutrient and water availability and are characterized by forests differing markedly in species composition, structure, and understory light availability. We use both survey and reciprocal transplants to examine physiological adaptations to differences in light, nutrient, and water availability between these soil types, and test for the importance of resource-use efficiency in determining edaphic specialization. Photosynthetic surveys for congeneric and confamilial pairs (one species per soil type) of edaphic specialists and for generalists common to both soil types show that species specializing on sandstone derived soil had lower stomatal conductance at a given assimilation rate than those occurring on alluvial soil and also had greater instantaneous and integrated water-use efficiencies. Foliar dark respiration rates per unit photosynthesis were higher for sandstone ridge than alluvial lowland specialists. We suggest that these higher respiration rates are likely due to increases in photosynthetic enzyme concentrations to compensate for lower internal CO2 concentrations resulting from increased stomatal closure. This is supported by lower photosynthetic nitrogen-use efficiencies in the sandstone ridge specialists. Generalist species had lower water-use efficiencies than sandstone ridge specialists when growing on the drier, sandy ridgetops, but their nitrogen-use efficiencies did not differ from the species specialized to the more resource-rich alluvial valleys. We varied light environment and soil nutrient availability in a reciprocal transplant experiment involving two specialist species from each soil type. Edaphic specialist species, when grown on the soil type for which they were not specialized, were not capable of acclimatory shifts to achieve similar resource-use efficiencies as species specialized to that soil type. We conclude that divergent water-use strategies are an important mechanism underlying differences in edaphic associations and thus contributing to maintenance of high local tree species diversity in Bornean rain forests
The Jus Ad Bellum and the 1998 Initiation of the Eritrean-Ethopian War
From May 1998 to December 2000, Eritrea and Ethiopia engaged in an armed conflict that cost the lives of thousands of individuals, injured thousands more, and displaced tens of thousands of men, women, and children from their homes. In December 2000, the two sides concluded a comprehensive agreement that ended the war. Among other things, the agreement established the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission. Consisting of five arbitrators, the Commission’s mandate was to “decide through binding arbitration all claims for loss, damage or injury by one Government against the other” that were “related to the conflict” and that “resulted from violations of international humanitarian law, including the 1949 Geneva Conventions, or other violations of international law.” The two countries filed claims with the Commission in December 2001 and from that time until August 2009, the Commission issued seventeen arbitral awards and eight decisions, covering a broad array of claims, including inhumane treatment of prisoners of war and civilian internees, abuse of enemy aliens in a belligerent’s territory or in occupied territory, wrongful seizure of the enemy’s public or private property, indiscriminate battlefield conduct or aerial bombing, harassment of diplomats and seizure of diplomatic property, and many other matters. The book LITIGATING WAR: ARBITRATION OF CIVIL INJURY BY THE ERITREA-ETHIOPIA CLAIMS COMMISSION seeks to integrate in discrete chapters the Commission’s findings on key topics, with each chapter organized into sub-sections that deal with the principal elements of that topic. The guiding emphasis is not on who-filed-what claim but is instead on what kinds of violations were addressed by the Commission, what kinds of evidence were relevant in establishing or defending against such violations, what legal conclusions emerged in addressing those violations, and what levels of compensation were deemed appropriate when a violation was found.The dominant area of international law upon which claims before the Eritrea-Ethiopia Claims Commission were based was the jus in bello, or the law operating as between two belligerents after an armed conflict has arisen. One type of claim filed before the Commission, however, was quite different, in that it concerned an alleged violation of the jus ad bellum, or the law on when a state may resort to a use of military force against another state. As one of the most important norms for the international legal system, the Commission’s treatment of the jus ad bellum claim is of particular interest, and is addressed in the book’s Chapter IV on “Initiation of War.
Invertebrate Abundance at Northern Bobwhite Brood Locations in the Rolling Plains of Texas
Northern bobwhite (Colinus virginianus), a bird of significant ecological and economic importance throughout the Rolling Plains region of Texas, has experienced significant population declines. Bobwhites have been the focus of extensive research for decades but little is known about foraging ecology of adults and chicks during post-hatch. Invertebrates are a key summer diet component for chicks, and supply the necessary proteins and minerals needed to fuel rapid body development. We examined brood-foraging sites to investigate invertebrate abundance. We radiomarked 121 bobwhite hens during winter-spring 2008 and 2009 and subsequently monitored 14 broods post-hatch. We collected invertebrate samples from 34 brood points and random paired-locations using sweep nets. Samples were sorted by Order to ascertain abundance and diversity. There was no difference in total abundance, abundance of Coleoptera, Hemiptera, Orthoptera, and Order diversity between brood and random locations. Northern bobwhite hens do not appear to select foraging sites based upon invertebrate abundance in the Rolling Plains of Texas
Approaching the adiabatic timescale with machine-learning
The control and manipulation of quantum systems without excitation is
challenging, due to the complexities in fully modeling such systems accurately
and the difficulties in controlling these inherently fragile systems
experimentally. For example, while protocols to decompress Bose-Einstein
condensates (BEC) faster than the adiabatic timescale (without excitation or
loss) have been well developed theoretically, experimental implementations of
these protocols have yet to reach speeds faster than the adiabatic timescale.
In this work, we experimentally demonstrate an alternative approach based on a
machine learning algorithm which makes progress towards this goal. The
algorithm is given control of the coupled decompression and transport of a
metastable helium condensate, with its performance determined after each
experimental iteration by measuring the excitations of the resultant BEC. After
each iteration the algorithm adjusts its internal model of the system to create
an improved control output for the next iteration. Given sufficient control
over the decompression, the algorithm converges to a novel solution that sets
the current speed record in relation to the adiabatic timescale, beating out
other experimental realizations based on theoretical approaches. This method
presents a feasible approach for implementing fast state preparations or
transformations in other quantum systems, without requiring a solution to a
theoretical model of the system. Implications for fundamental physics and
cooling are discussed.Comment: 7 pages main text, 2 pages supporting informatio
The Aemulus Project III: Emulation of the Galaxy Correlation Function
Using the N-body simulations of the AEMULUS Project, we construct an emulator
for the non-linear clustering of galaxies in real and redshift space. We
construct our model of galaxy bias using the halo occupation framework,
accounting for possible velocity bias. The model includes 15 parameters,
including both cosmological and galaxy bias parameters. We demonstrate that our
emulator achieves ~ 1% precision at the scales of interest, 0.1<r<10 h^{-1}
Mpc, and recovers the true cosmology when tested against independent
simulations. Our primary parameters of interest are related to the growth rate
of structure, f, and its degenerate combination fsigma_8. Using this emulator,
we show that the constraining power on these parameters monotonically increases
as smaller scales are included in the analysis, all the way down to 0.1 h^{-1}
Mpc. For a BOSS-like survey, the constraints on fsigma_8 from r<30 h^{-1} Mpc
scales alone are more than a factor of two tighter than those from the fiducial
BOSS analysis of redshift-space clustering using perturbation theory at larger
scales. The combination of real- and redshift-space clustering allows us to
break the degeneracy between f and sigma_8, yielding a 9% constraint on f alone
for a BOSS-like analysis. The current AEMULUS simulations limit this model to
surveys of massive galaxies. Future simulations will allow this framework to be
extended to all galaxy target types, including emission-line galaxies.Comment: 14 pages, 8 figures, 1 table; submitted to ApJ; the project webpage
is available at https://aemulusproject.github.io ; typo in Figure 7 and
caption updated, results unchange
The Aemulus Project I: Numerical Simulations for Precision Cosmology
The rapidly growing statistical precision of galaxy surveys has lead to a
need for ever-more precise predictions of the observables used to constrain
cosmological and galaxy formation models. The primary avenue through which such
predictions will be obtained is suites of numerical simulations. These
simulations must span the relevant model parameter spaces, be large enough to
obtain the precision demanded by upcoming data, and be thoroughly validated in
order to ensure accuracy. In this paper we present one such suite of
simulations, forming the basis for the AEMULUS Project, a collaboration devoted
to precision emulation of galaxy survey observables. We have run a set of 75
(1.05 h^-1 Gpc)^3 simulations with mass resolution and force softening of
3.51\times 10^10 (Omega_m / 0.3) ~ h^-1 M_sun and 20 ~ h^-1 kpc respectively in
47 different wCDM cosmologies spanning the range of parameter space allowed by
the combination of recent Cosmic Microwave Background, Baryon Acoustic
Oscillation and Type Ia Supernovae results. We present convergence tests of
several observables including spherical overdensity halo mass functions, galaxy
projected correlation functions, galaxy clustering in redshift space, and
matter and halo correlation functions and power spectra. We show that these
statistics are converged to 1% (2%) for halos with more than 500 (200)
particles respectively and scales of r>200 ~ h^-1 kpc in real space or k ~ 3 h
Mpc^-1 in harmonic space for z\le 1. We find that the dominant source of
uncertainty comes from varying the particle loading of the simulations. This
leads to large systematic errors for statistics using halos with fewer than 200
particles and scales smaller than k ~ 4 h^-1 Mpc. We provide the halo catalogs
and snapshots detailed in this work to the community at
https://AemulusProject.github.io.Comment: 16 pages, 12 figures, 3 Tables Project website:
https://aemulusproject.github.io
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