Trends in Kenyan Agricultural Productivity: 1997-2007

Egerton University Tegemeo Institute of Agricultural Policy and DevelopmentAfrica, Kenya, productivity, Productivity Analysis, Q10,

Trends and Patterns in Fertilizer Use by Smallholder Farmers in Kenya, 1997-2007

This study uses nationwide household panel survey data from 1996/97 to 2006/07 to examine trends in fertilizer use on maize by smallholder maize growers. The paper also compares these findings with fertilizer use rates according to other recent surveys in Kenya to assess comparability. We also examine the correlation between household fertilizer use and indicators of welfare such as wealth and landholding size. In addition, we use econometric techniques applied to household survey data to identify the main household and community characteristics associated with fertilizer purchases. Lastly, the study considers alternative policy strategies for maintaining smallholders’ access to fertilizer in the current context of substantially higher world fertilizer prices.Fertilizer, Africa, Malawi, Kenya, Small Holders, Crop Production/Industries, Q13,

Neural signatures of cognitive flexibility and reward sensitivity following nicotinic receptor stimulation in dependent smokers : a randomized trial

IMPORTANCE Withdrawal from nicotine is an important contributor to smoking relapse. Understanding how reward-based decision making is affected by abstinence and by pharmacotherapies such as nicotine replacement therapy and varenicline tartrate may aid cessation treatment. OBJECTIVE To independently assess the effects of nicotine dependence and stimulation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor on the ability to interpret valence information (reward sensitivity) and subsequently alter behavior as reward contingencies change (cognitive flexibility) in a probabilistic reversal learning task. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Nicotine-dependent smokers and nonsmokers completed a probabilistic reversal learning task during acquisition of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a 2-drug, double-blind placebo-controlled crossover design conducted from January 21, 2009, to September 29, 2011. Smokers were abstinent from cigarette smoking for 12 hours for all sessions. In a fully Latin square fashion, participants in both groups underwent MRI twice while receiving varenicline and twice while receiving a placebo pill, wearing either a nicotine or a placebo patch. Imaging analysis was performed from June 15, 2015, to August 10, 2016. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES A well-established computational model captured effects of smoking status and administration of nicotine and varenicline on probabilistic reversal learning choice behavior. Neural effects of smoking status, nicotine, and varenicline were tested for on MRI contrasts that captured reward sensitivity and cognitive flexibility. RESULTS The study included 24 nicotine-dependent smokers (12 women and 12 men; mean [SD] age, 35.8 [9.9] years) and 20 nonsmokers (10 women and 10 men; mean [SD] age, 30.4 [7.2] years). Computational modeling indicated that abstinent smokers were biased toward response shifting and that their decisions were less sensitive to the available evidence, suggesting increased impulsivity during withdrawal. These behavioral impairments were mitigated with nicotine and varenicline. Similarly, decreased mesocorticolimbic activity associated with cognitive flexibility in abstinent smokers was restored to the level of nonsmokers following stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (familywise error-corrected P<.05). Conversely, neural signatures of decreased reward sensitivity in smokers (vs nonsmokers; familywise error-corrected P<.05) in the dorsal striatum and anterior cingulate cortex were not mitigated by nicotine or varenicline. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE There was a double dissociation between the effects of chronic nicotine dependence on neural representations of reward sensitivity and acute effects of stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors on behavioral and neural signatures of cognitive flexibility in smokers. These chronic and acute pharmacologic effects were observed in overlapping mesocorticolimbic regions, suggesting that available pharmacotherapies may alleviate deficits in the same circuitry for certain mental computations but not for others

Study of the Breakfast Eating Habits of School Age Girls and Boys, Grades One Through Twelve, of an Oklahoma Community with Implications for Teaching Nutrition

Home Economics Educatio

Teaching this class drives me nuts! - Examining the Person and Context Specificity of Teacher Emotions

Teachers' emotions are critically important for the quality of classroom instruction, and they are key components of teachers' psychological well-being. Past research has focused on individual differences between teachers, whereas within-teacher variation across contexts has rarely been considered. As such, the present research addresses the long-standing yet unresolved person-situation debate pertaining to the emotional experiences of teachers. In two diary studies (N = 135, 70% female, and N = 85, 28% female),we examined the role of person, academic subject, and group of students for teacher emotions;focusing on three of the most salient emotions found in teachers: enjoyment, anger, and anxiety. Findings from multi-level analysis confirmed the person specificity of enjoyment, anger, and, in particular, anxiety. In addition, underscoring the existence of within-teacher variability, findings supported that teachers' emotions considerably varied depending on the subject and group of students taught, particularly so for enjoyment and anger. Implications of the person and context specificity of teacher emotions are discussed in relation to assessments and intervention programs aiming to improve teachers' emotional lives in the classroom

ANALISIS DAN PERANCANGAN APLIKASI E-MARKETING PADA BUMI RAYA PROPERTY

ANALISIS DAN PERANCANGAN APLIKASI E-MARKETING PADA BUMI RAYA PROPERTY

Cancer immunotherapy based on MUSIC platform and STING activation in brain cancer cells

https://openworks.mdanderson.org/sumexp23/1008/thumbnail.jp

Campus Vol 1 N 3

Todd, George. The Valentine . Prose. 2. Fanslow, Ellen. Campus Canines . Prose. 3. Anonymous. Spring Glimpses on Campus . Picture. 4. Anonymous. Casual Corners . Prose. 6. Welch, Vera. Death is Not Sad . Poem. 7. Welch, Vera. I Do Not Love You . Poem. 7. Taylor, Louis. Clouds . Poem. 7. Dancy, Betty Jane. Pray Tell Me M\u27 Lord . Poem. 7. Dancy, Betty Jane. Really Our Friendship is Perfect . Poem. 7. Dancy, Betty Jane. You Say You Love Me For My Faith . Poem. 7. B.Z. The Mountain . Poem. 7. Findeisen, Robert. Do You Want to Be A Doctor? Cartoon. 8. Thomas, John C. Campus Kaleidoscope . Prose. 10. Harman, Betty. Sororities: The Way We See \u27Em . Prose. 12. Marshall, James. Dischargee . Poem. 14. Marshall, James. Suggestions to Dali . Poem. 14. Marshall, James. Sonnet Modern, In G Minor . Poem. 14. Marshall, James. The Request . Poem. 15. Dancy, Betty Jane. My Mother Always Bade Me Beware . Poem. 15. Anonymous. On the Cuff . Prose. 16

Developing a 21st Century Aerospace Workforce

White Paper Version 2Across the industry there are leaders at every level who are being challenged to think and act in new ways. The same is true for this commission. This can't be a "business as usual" review of the industry's status. As the first such government commission in this new century we are faced with a unique opportunity and a unique set of challenges. In this paper we provide analysis and recommendations on human capital issues that are simultaneously designed to be practical and visionary -- aimed to address root causes, not symptoms