British Policy in the Malay Peninsula 1880-1909.

British policy in the Malay Peninsula reflected two aspects of late nineteenth century imperialism. There was firstly, the extension of control over territories suited to economic development and in which Britain had strategic interests; and secondly, the welding of dependencies into larger units and the tightening of their bonds with Britain. Thus during the period 1880-1909, the Negri Sembilan, Pahang, Johore, Kelantan, Trengganu, Kedah and Perlis became British protectorates, and the states in the southern portion of the Peninsula extent Johore, were "federated" in 1896. This thesis is in part a study of these developments. It also shows that underlying Britain's Malayan policy were three principles of her policy in Asia: the safety of the sea route to the Far East, the security of India's frontiers and the promotion of trade. The extent to which Whitehall's concern to prevent any other Power from securing a foothold in the Malay States or the off-shore islands between Singapore and Tenasserim shaped policy, is a story which has not been told. Similarly, while it is well known that throughout the Victorian era India's interests dominated British foreign policy in south Asia and the adjacent territories, the way in which they conditioned Britain's attitude towards the Siamese Malay States is less known. The period was one of intense international rivalry for the trade and control of overseas territories. Hence another function of the following chapters is to describe how European competition in the Indo-Chinese Peninsula, and French, German, Russian and other interest in the Malay Peninsula as a possible field for their enterprise or a site for a naval station, influenced British policy

2022 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces

This is the sixth annual summary of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. This summary addresses the most recently published resuscitation evidence reviewed by International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Task Force science experts. Topics covered by systematic reviews include cardiopulmonary resuscitation during transport; approach to resuscitation after drowning; passive ventilation; minimizing pauses during cardiopulmonary resuscitation; temperature management after cardiac arrest; use of diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound during cardiac arrest; use of vasopressin and corticosteroids during cardiac arrest; coronary angiography after cardiac arrest; public-access defibrillation devices for children; pediatric early warning systems; maintaining normal temperature immediately after birth; suctioning of amniotic fluid at birth; tactile stimulation for resuscitation immediately after birth; use of continuous positive airway pressure for respiratory distress at term birth; respiratory and heart rate monitoring in the delivery room; supraglottic airway use in neonates; prearrest prediction of in-hospital cardiac arrest mortality; basic life support training for likely rescuers of high-risk populations; effect of resuscitation team training; blended learning for life support training; training and recertification for resuscitation instructors; and recovery position for maintenance of breathing and prevention of cardiac arrest. Members from 6 task forces have assessed, discussed, and debated the quality of the evidence using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria and generated consensus treatment recommendations. Insights into the deliberations of the task forces are provided in the Justification and Evidence-to-Decision Framework Highlights sections, and priority knowledge gaps for future research are listed.</jats:p