Time/frequency analysis of contact-friction instabilities. Application to automotive brake squeal.

Robust design of silent brakes is a current industrial challenge. Braking systems enter in the more general context of unstable systems featuring contact friction interaction. Their simulation requires time integra- tion schemes usually not adapted to combination of large industrial models (over 600,000 DOF) and long simulations (over 150,000 time steps). The paper first discusses selection of the contact/friction model and adaptations of the integration scheme. The relation between the nominal steady state tangent modes and the system evolution over time is then evaluated. The time response shows a nearly periodic response that is analyzed as a limit cycle. It is shown that instantaneous dynamic stability predictions show stable/unstable transitions due to changes in the contact/friction state. These transitions are thought to give an understanding of the mechanism that limits levels for these self sustained vibrations. The concept is exploited to suggest novel ways to analyze complex modes

Design oriented simulation of contact-friction instabilities in application to realistic brake assemblies

This paper presents advances in non-linear simulations for systems with contact-friction, with an application to brake squeal. A method is proposed to orient component structural modifications from brake assembly simulations in the frequency and time domains. A reduction method implementing explicitly component-wise degrees of freedom at the system level allows quick parametric analyses giving modification clues. The effect of the modification is then validated in the time domain where non-linearities can be fully considered. A reduction method adapted for models showing local non-linearities is purposely presented along with an optimization of a modified non linear Newmark scheme to make such computation possible for industrial models. The paper then illustrates the importance of structural effects in brake squeal, and suggests solutions

Time/frequency analysis of contact-friction instabilities. Application to automotive brake squeal.

Robust design of silent brakes is a current industrial challenge. Braking systems enter in the more general context of unstable systems featuring contact friction interaction. Their simulation requires time integra- tion schemes usually not adapted to combination of large industrial models (over 600,000 DOF) and long simulations (over 150,000 time steps). The paper first discusses selection of the contact/friction model and adaptations of the integration scheme. The relation between the nominal steady state tangent modes and the system evolution over time is then evaluated. The time response shows a nearly periodic response that is analyzed as a limit cycle. It is shown that instantaneous dynamic stability predictions show stable/unstable transitions due to changes in the contact/friction state. These transitions are thought to give an understanding of the mechanism that limits levels for these self sustained vibrations. The concept is exploited to suggest novel ways to analyze complex modes

Improved version of the eikonal model for absorbing spherical particles

We present a new expression of the scattering amplitude, valid for spherical absorbing objects, which leads to an improved version of the eikonal method outside the diffraction region. Limitations of this method are discussed and numerical results are presented and compared successfully with the Mie theory.Comment: 7 pages, postscript figures available on cpt.univ-mrs.fr, to appear in J. Mod. Optic

Design oriented simulation of contact-friction instabilities in application to realistic brake assemblies

This paper presents advances in non-linear simulations for systems with contact-friction, with an application to brake squeal. A method is proposed to orient component structural modifications from brake assembly simulations in the frequency and time domains. A reduction method implementing explicitly component-wise degrees of freedom at the system level allows quick parametric analyses giving modification clues. The effect of the modification is then validated in the time domain where non-linearities can be fully considered. A reduction method adapted for models showing local non-linearities is purposely presented along with an optimization of a modified non linear Newmark scheme to make such computation possible for industrial models. The paper then illustrates the importance of structural effects in brake squeal, and suggests solutions

Imagens Magnéticas para Aplicações Biomédicas: estado da arte

Na atualidade, o estudo da energia eletromagnética aplicada à medicina e biologia é um dos tópicos de pesquisas mais atraentes e de interesse crescente na comunidade científica internacional, e particularmente no Brasil. Vários esforços têm sido realizados para criar técnicas diagnósticas apoiadas na obtenção de imagens magnéticas e elétricas para ajudar de forma coadjuvante, e/ou substituir em alguns casos, as metodologias médicas de diagnóstico por imagens tradicionais. Neste trabalho mostramos o estado da arte, do ponto de vista experimental, destacando as mudanças nas dimensões dos sensores e no sistema de condicionamento analógico dos sinais medidos, para o registro de sinais de origem biológica. A imagem magnética medida sempre será degradada e ruidosa, devido tanto ao princípio físico (Lei Biot-Savart) envolvido na formação da imagem quanto ao próprio processo de medição da imagem. Os fundamentos básicos da formação das imagens magnéticas, bem como a solução do problema magnético direto e inverso, são mostrados. Apresentamos uma discussão do ponto de vista físico-matemático sobre o problema magnético inverso mal-condicionado e como ele influi na reconstrução das imagens das fontes magnéticas no interior de um objeto qualquer. Por fim, mencionamos de forma breve o método de filtragem espacial de Fourier como uma das possíveis técnicas na solução do problema magnético inverso

Decision-making in information seeking on texts: an eye-fixation-related potentials investigation

Reading on a web page is known to be not linear and people need to make fast decisions about whether they have to stop or not reading. In such context, reading, and decision-making processes are intertwined and this experiment attempts to separate them through electrophysiological patterns provided by the Eye-Fixation-Related Potentials technique (EFRPs). We conducted an experiment in which EFRPs were recorded while participants read blocks of text that were semantically highly related, moderately related, and unrelated to a given goal. Participants had to decide as fast as possible whether the text was related or not to the semantic goal given at a prior stage. Decision making (stopping information search) may occur when the paragraph is highly related to the goal (positive decision) or when it is unrelated to the goal (negative decision). EFRPs were analyzed on and around typical eye fixations: either on words belonging to the goal (target), subjected to a high rate of positive decisions, or on low frequency unrelated words (incongruent), subjected to a high rate of negative decisions. In both cases, we found EFRPs specific patterns (amplitude peaking between 51 to 120 ms after fixation onset) spreading out on the next words following the goal word and the second fixation after an incongruent word, in parietal and occipital areas. We interpreted these results as delayed late components (P3b and N400), reflecting the decision to stop information searching. Indeed, we show a clear spill-over effect showing that the effect on word N spread out on word N + 1 and N + 2

A Structural Dynamics Modification Strategy based on Expanded Squeal Operational Deflection Shapes

To analyze brake squeal, measurements are performed to extract Operational Deflection Shapes (ODS) characteristic of the limit cycle. The advantage of this strategy is that the real system behavior is captured, but measurements suffer from a low spatial distribution and hidden surfaces, so that interpretation is sometimes difficult. It is even more difficult to propose system modifications from test alone. Historical Structural Dynamics Modification (SDM) techniques need mass normalized shapes which is not available from an ODS measurement. Furthermore, it is very difficult to translate mass, damping or stiffness modification between sensors into physical modifications of the real system. On the model side, FEM methodology gives access to fine geometric details, continuous field over the whole system. Simple simulation of the impact of modifications is possible, one typical strategy for squeal being to avoid unstable poles. Nevertheless, to ensure accurate predictions, test/FEM correlation must be checked and model updating may be necessary despite high cost and absence of guarantee on results. To combine both strategies, expansion techniques seek to estimate the ODS on all FEM DOF using a multi-objective optimization combining test and model errors. The high number of sensors compensates for modeling errors, while allowing imperfect test. The Minimum Dynamics Residual Expansion (MDRE) method used here, ensures that the complex ODS expanded shapes are close enough to the measured motion but have smooth, physically representative, stress field, which is mandatory for further analysis. From the expanded ODS and using the model, the two underlying real shapes are mass-orthonormalized and stiffness-orthogonalized resulting in a reduced modal model with two modes defined at all model DOFs. Sensitivity analysis is then possible and the impact of thickness modifications on frequencies is estimated. This provides a novel structural modification strategy where the parameters are thickness distributions and the objective is to separate the frequencies associated with the two shapes found by expansion of the experimental ODS

Advanced Neuroimaging with Computed Tomography Scanning

International audienceThe x-ray computed tomography (CT) is well known as a useful imaging method and thus CT images have continuingly been used for many applications, especially in medical fields. This book discloses recent advances and new ideas in theories and applications for CT imaging and its analysis. The 16 chapters selected in this book cover not only the major topics of CT imaging and analysis in medical fields, but also some advanced applications for forensic and industrial purposes. These chapters propose state-of-the-art approaches and cutting-edge research results