Emotion Studies ： Directions in History, Science and Humanities

Human emotions constitute a complex interaction of biological and culturalcues.　These are interpreted by an individual’s mind and body, and may or maynot manifest through behavior.　The paper briefly reviews the study of emotion,or affect, as it has evolved through the history of the West.　The focus is on aninterdisciplinary overlapping of humanities, arts, sciences, and philosophy.　Withadvances in scientific fields such as neuroscience, complemented by strongerscholarship in social, psychological, and cultural studies, the most recent affectiveturn might be the stepping off point for the emergence of a sustainable affectivescience.　The paper touches on a selection of theories and arguments headed in thatdirection.Articl

Japanese Company Presence in News on the Web ： Graphical Study of English Language Markets

The study addresses the presence of Japanese companies in online English news markets globally.　The primary instrument is graphical representation, based on searches conducted in the News on the Web (NOW) corpus. Unique keyword identifiers and quantifiable assessment point to word-frequency presence across 15 English language news markets.　The study is a data treatment of recent history, and is just as much about assessing Japanese business presence as it is about the methods deployed to conduct the research.　The study follows a type of historical science approach.Articl

Comparing Conflict Management and Avoiding among Ethnic Chinese, Japanese, and Americans ： Interpersonal and Organizational Settings

This paper presents an introduction to cross-cultural studies on interpersonal and organizational conflict styles. 　It addresses the typologies of collectivist-individualist and interdependent-independent, focusing on two styles of conflict management in particular: integrating and avoiding.　The studies under review primarily concern participants identified as Chinese or Japanese.　Other Asians, as well as Americans, are also reviewed for the purpose of comparison.　At the same time, in discussions about East versus West, or group-values versus individual-values, several researchers suggest not to overgeneralize.　Whether evaluating cross-culturally or intra-culturally, the research and opinions covered in this paper, and elsewhere, convey interactions that are far more complex in real life than such dichotomies as Asian/non-Asian or individual/collective.Articl

Food Habits of Deer In The Southern Black Hills As Determined By The Point Technique

White-tailed (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionius) were collected in 1968 and 1969 for a study of food habits. Rumen contents were analyzed by use of the point-analysis technique and weights. This is the first food habits study from the southern Black Hills and is necessary for proper deer management. To evaluate the suitability of the point technique for Black Hills vegetation, an artificial population was constructed from known weights of a forb, (Achillea lanulosa), grass (Oryzopsis asperfoliz), rose (Rosa sp.), kinnikinnick (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi), and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa). Each population was tested with 100-point trails and 200-point trials. Comparisons of point percentages to weight percentages were: forb – 24.3 to 14.8, grass – 26.5 to 25.7, rose – 10.2 to 10.8, kinnikinnick – 24.8 to 29.3, and pine – 16.3 to 18.3 percent. Forb estimates were significantly different (P\u3e0.05) using chi-square analysis. Browse, grasses and forbs were estimated with no significant differences (P\u3e0.05) using chi-square analysis: forbs 0 24.3 to 14.8, grasses – 26.5 to 25.7 and browse 51.3 to 58.4 percent. Twenty stomach samples were separated by hand after point analysis. Estimates of relative composition by hand separation and point for ten major species were: mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus montanus), 15.2 to 13.7; ponderosa pine, 12.3 to 13.9; juniper (Juniperus spp.), 9.6 to 12.8; grasses, 9.4 to 10.3; kinnikinnick, 7.4 to 9.6; snowberry (Symphoricarpos spp.), 5.2 to 7.3; rose, 5.1 to 5.7; Oregon grape (Mahonia repens), 3.9 to 5.5; bedstraw (Calium sp.), 2.5 to 4.7; and old-man’s bead (Usnea sp.), 4.2 to 3.8 percent. Paired-“t” tests showed there was no significant difference (P\u3e0.05) between the estimated relative composition either by hand separation or by points. No difference in estimation of the hand-separated material: forbs, 11.9 to 17.9; grasses, 9.4 to 10.3; and browse, 69.1 to 58.7 percent. Analysis of 52 rumen samples collected in the fall showed kinnikinnick, grasses, Oregon grape, snowberry (Symphoricarpos spp.), and forbs to be important food species. Analysis of 64 rumen samples collected in the winter indicated that poinderosa pine, mountain mahogany, and common juniper (Juniperus communis) were the most important food species. Other winter foods of importance were kinnikinnick, fobs, grasses, snowberry, and Rocky Mountain juniper (Juniperus scopulorum). Point analysis of content in nine rumen collected in the summer showed that alfalfa (Medcago sative), clover (Trifolium pretense), grasses and forbs were the most important foods

Some Shortcomings In The Standard South African Testing Procedures For Assessing Heaving Clay

Published ArticleDesign of foundations for most light structures in South Africa, and in particular for low-cost housing, relies heavily on particle size analysis and the determination of Atterberg Limits. The tests for these properties are currently performed in commercial materials testing laboratories using the procedures of the CSIR’s Technical Methods for Highways Part 1 (TMH1) (CSIR 1986). SANS 3001 (SANS 2011) is being phased in to replace TMH1. Both are primarily concerned with road construction. Investigations at the Central University of Technology indicate serious shortcomings in both of these norms in the context of foundation design for light structures. Highly plastic material is not usually used as road construction material, and these methods may be adequate to simply identify material so plastic that they should not be used in road construction. Structural foundations, particularly for low-cost housing, do not usually have this option; it is essential to estimate the actual heave potential. This investigation suggests that some of the changes proposed in SANS 3001 may be beneficial for heave assessment, but the most likely application of SANS 3001 could be unsatisfactory in many cases

Estimation Of Shrink / Swell Potential And Variability Of Clays By Small-Scale Suction Tests

Conference ProceedingsThe relationship between suction and water content gives crucial information about a soil. Small projects like economic housing do not warrant the time and cost of determining the full soil water suction curve. A considerable range of soil suctions can easily be achieved within a reasonably short time by using small samples, simple suction control and a high precision balance. It appears that in this way it may be possible to estimate heave potential and variability of soil properties at reasonable cost in an acceptable time. Variability assessment appears to be of great value and may offer significant potential for improving the reliability of foundation design on shrink/swell soils

Some shortcomings in the standard South African testing procedures for assessing heaving clay

Published ArticleDesign of foundations for most light structures in South Africa, and in particular for low-cost housing, relies heavily on particle size analysis and the determination of Atterberg Limits. The tests for these properties are currently performed in commercial materials testing laboratories using the procedures of the CSIR’s Technical Methods for Highways Part 1 (TMH1) (CSIR 1986). SANS 3001 (SANS 2011) is being phased in to replace TMH1. Both are primarily concerned with road construction. Investigations at the Central University of Technology indicate serious shortcomings in both of these norms in the context of foundation design for light structures. Highly plastic material is not usually used as road construction material, and these methods may be adequate to simply identify material so plastic that they should not be used in road construction. Structural foundations, particularly for low-cost housing, do not usually have this option; it is essential to estimate the actual heave potential. This investigation suggests that some of the changes proposed in SANS 3001 may be beneficial for heave assessment, but the most likely application of SANS 3001 could be unsatisfactory in many cases

Shortcomings In The Estimation Of Clay Fraction By Hydrometer

Published ArticleThe estimation of clay fraction is important for predicting the engineering properties of a soil. SANS 3001 GR3 (SANS 2011) specifies a procedure for clay fraction determination using a hydrometer. It has long been suspected that there may be flaws in this approach. Some of the possible sources of error have been suggested, but little or no change has been made in the standard procedures for assessment of clay fraction in well over half a century. This paper deals with a microscopic examination of some typical South African clayey soils to assess the adequacy of dispersion and possible consequences for clay fraction determination in currently specified hydrometer procedures. Clays are examined both with and without dispersant, and with and without labelling of clay minerals using an exchangeable cation dye

Assessment Of Clays By Small-Scale Suction Tests

Conference: 16Th African Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, At TunisiaThe relationship between suction and water content gives crucial information about a soil. The time and cost of determining the full soil water suction curve make it not feasible for small projects like economic housing. A considerable range of soil suctions can be determined easily and within a reasonably short time by using small samples, simple suction control and a high precision balance. It appears that in this way it may be possible to estimate heave potential and variability of soil properties at reasonable cost in an acceptable time

Variability in soil properties and its consequences for design

Published Conference ProceedingsIt has been observed that when samples from one particular layer of one particular test pit are analysed by different laboratories the results may vary over an alarmingly large range. Jakobsz and Day (2007) suggested that materials testing laboratories may be slipshod in their testing procedures. There is no doubt that in some cases testing is not done as rigorously as it should be, but this does not appear to explain the size of discrepancies in all cases. Badenhorst et al (2015) suggested that differences in methods of prepa-ration between laboratories may be a significant cause. Preparation can certainly lead to significant differ-ences (Blight 2012, Stott and Theron 2015a), but will also not convincingly explain some of the discrepan-cies. Many soil properties are intimately linked to suction (water retention) potential. A procedure for assessing suction potential of soil samples with very little preparation and minimal disturbance to micro-structure was described by Stott and Thereon (2015b). This technique allows reasonably rapid testing of a number of sam-ples simultaneously with almost no variation in preparation or testing procedure. Tests performed on a range of soils suggest that some show very small variability, whereas others show extremely large difference in suc-tion potential over a very small spatial range. It seems possible that inconsistent results from testing laborato-ries could be an indication that some soils cannot be reliably assessed with some of the popular procedures of current practice. A reappraisal of design philosophy may need to be considered in some cases, particularly in the case of expansive clays