AHP를 이용한 미얀마 발전소 건설 의사결정

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 공과대학 협동과정 기술경영·경제·정책전공, 2021. 2. 구윤모.Myanmar, one of the countries is facing many difficulties in generating and providing electricity to all needs in the country. Especially in many villages, rural areas, remote areas, and far from the national grid areas do not have electricity access. Even though, Myanmar, an abundant endowment of crude oil and natural gas, and other energy resources compared to other developing countries. To extract those resources at a reasonable production cost in order to fulfill the demand in domestic, Myanmar is not yet. Recently, the possibility to develop lessening production is still low because of the lack of technology and low investment from local and foreign. This study aims by using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to find the appropriate power plant development planning for Myanmar by exposing the economic impact, production, and domestic utilization, with those of other natural gas producer countries. This study analyzes the factors that caused significant effects for optimal power plant development among four criteria (technology, economic, socio-political, and environmental) by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method. This study also completed a survey to rank the optimal power plant development as the alternatives suggested by the government plans. This study results can be used as a basis of decision-making for electrification in the Government of Myanmar.미얀마는 전력의 발전과 공급에 어려움을 겪고 있는 국가이다. 특히 마을, 농촌 지역과 같은 국가 그리드 지역에서 멀리 떨어진 곳은 전력의 접근성이 매우 낮다. 미얀마는 다른 개발도상국에 비해 원유와 천연 가스 및 기타 에너지 자원이 풍부함에도, 이러한 에너지 자원을 국내 전력 수요를 충족시키기 위해 합리적인 비용으로 사용하지 못하고 있다. 최근까지도 기술력의 부족과, 국내외 투자가 적기 때문에 이 문제를 해결하지 못하고 있다. 이 연구는 계층적 분석방법(AHP, Analytic Hierarchy Process)과 다른 천연 가스 생산국들의 경제적 영향, 생산 및 국내 이용률을 참조하여 미얀마의 실정에 맞는 최적의 발전소 개발계획을 도출하는 것을 목표로 한다. 본 연구에서는 계층적 분석방법 적용을 위해 기술, 경제, 사회 및 정치, 그리고 환경이라는 4 가지 기준을 수립하여 이 중 어느 요인이 최적의 발전소 개발계획에 유의미한 영향을 미치는지를 분석하였다. 또한, 본 연구에서는 설문조사를 통해 미얀마의 정부에서 제시한 발전소 개발계획에 대한 순위를 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 미얀마 정부의 전기화를 위한 의사결정의 기초 연구로써 사용될 수 있다.Abstract iii Table of Contents v List of Tables vii List of Figures viii Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 Research Motivation 1 1.2 Research Objectives, Questions, Scope and Structure 2 1.2.1 Research Objectives 2 1.2.2 Research Questions 3 1.2.3 Research Scope 3 1.2.4 Research Structure 3 Chapter 2. Myanmar Power System Background 5 2.1 Development of Electricity in Myanmar 5 2.2 Electricity Development Plan 12 2.2.1 Power Plant Sector 13 2.2.2 Myanmars Intended Nationally Determined Contribution 17 Chapter 3. Literature Review 19 3.1 Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) 19 3.2 Analytical Hierarchy Process 21 Chapter 4. Methodology 26 4.1 Methodological Framework 26 4.2 Criteria Descriptions 28 4.2.1 Description of Main Criteria 28 4.2.2 Description of Sub-Criteria 30 4.3 Progression of the Survey 35 4.4 Survey on the Analytic Hierarchy Process Pairwise Comparison 36 4.5 Survey for Selecting of the Alternatives for Optimal Power Plant Development in Myanmar 38 Chapter 5. Research Results 40 5.1 Consistency Ratio of Main Criteria 41 5.2 Estimated Weight of Main Criteria 41 5.3 Estimated Weight of Sub-Criteria 42 5.4 Estimated Alternative for Optimal Power Plant Development 47 Chapter 6. Conclusion 50 6.1 Conclusion and Implementation 50 6.2 Study Limitations and Future Work 53 Bibliography 54 Appendix 58 Abstract (Korean) 2Maste

A Comparative-Correlational Study Of Attitudes Toward And Motivation For Learning English As A Foreign Language In Grade 9 Students From Akha, Bamar And Shan Ethnic Groups At № 2 Basic Education High School, Keng Tung, Eastern Shan State, Myanmar

The purpose of this study was to determine whether there was a significant relationship between attitudes and motivation of Grade 9 students toward English as a foreign language from the Akha, Bamar, and Shan ethnic groups and to compare both variables among three different ethnic groups at № 2 Basic Education High School, Keng Tung, Eastern Shan State, Myanmar. A total of 199 students participated, and the instrument adapted for this study was the latest version of Gardner’s (2004) Attitude/Motivation Test Battery. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between the research variables, and a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine if there were significant differences between attitudes and motivation of the participant students. From this study, a positive attitude and high motivation of Grade 9 students toward learning English as a foreign language (EFL) were found, regardless of their ethnic memberships. Also, it was found a statistically strong, positive correlation between attitudes toward and motivation for learning EFL of Grade 9 students in each ethnic group. Furthermore, the findings also revealed a significant difference between attitudes toward EFL of the students, but no significant difference between motivations for learning EFL of the students in all three ethnic groups. Finally, recommendations for teachers, students, administrators and future researchers are presented

Information Security System Based on English and Myanmar Text Steganography

Due to the growth in frequent exchange of digital data over public channel, information security plays an important role in daily part of communication. Hence, various techniques like steganography are applied in information security area for more efficient information security system. This paper proposes two new text steganographic approaches using two different languages which are based on Unicode standard for secure data transfer over the public channel. The main aim is to overcome the limited embedding capacity, suspiciousness, and data damaging effect due to modification of existing steganographic approaches. The first approach conceals a message, without degrading the cover, by using four specific characters of words of the English cover text. The second approach performs message hiding by using the three specific groups of characters of combined words in Myanmar cover text while maintaining the content of the cover. The structure and operation of the proposed approaches based on the idea of existing text steganographic technique: Hiding Data in Paragraph (HDPara) algorithm. In this work, an empirical comparison of the proposed approaches with HDPara approach is presented. According to the comparison results, the proposed approaches outperform the existing HDPara approach in terms of embedding capacity.

An Information Security System Based on Optimized Pixel Mapping Method

In the field of communication system and internet, the information security is playing a crucial role. At the present time, communication through Internet is becoming popular and it should be accurate and secure. To make it reality, cryptography is very useful tool to protect the content of confidential data in many research areas. Another one, steganography is also commonly used to hide the existence of data into cover media known as text, image, audio and video. In this work, it is considered that the two most popular techniques (Cryptography and Steganography) should be combined to develop the strong and robust security system. At first, confidentiality and message authentication requirements are fulfilled with the help of Byte-Rotation Encryption Algorithm (BREA) and Secure Hash Algorithm-512(SHA-512). On the other hand, a new data hiding approach based on the optimization of Pixel Mapping Method (OPMM) also provides the system the higher embedding capacity with minimum degradation of stego image quality. To analyze the performance of the proposed OPMM, the comparison is also presented in terms of embedding capacity and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) values

Evaluation of strong ground motion for Yogyakarta depression area, Indonesia

The probabilistic seismic hazard maps are developed for Yogyakarta depression area. The earthquake catalog of ANSS (1970-2007) is taken into account with the complement of NEIC (USGS, 1973-2007) and the records of BMG (2000-2004). On the basis of seismicity of the area, tectonics and geological information, the seismic source zones are characterized for this area. The seismicity parameters of each seismic source are determined by applying the classical Gutenberg-Richter recurrence model, regarding the historical records. The attenuation relation for Yogyakarta depression area cannot be evaluated since the sufficient strong ground motion records are not available for this region. Therefore the attenuation relations which were developed for other territories as Europe and Japan are used for the present hazard calculation by validating, using the aftershocks records, modeling the peak ground acceleration maps for the recent event, 27 May, 2006, Yogyakarta earthquake inserting the damage area distribution pattern. The probabilistic seismic hazard maps are finally developed by using the McGuire (1976) EQRISK computer program by modifying for the present purpose. The seismic hazard maps expressed in term of peak ground acceleration are developed for the recurrence intervals of 10, 50, 100, 200 and 500 year

ESTIMATION OF MAXIMUM EARTHQUAKE MAGNITUDE OF EARTHQUAKE POTENTIALS FOR YOGYAKARTA DEPRESSION AREA, INDONESIA

Maximum magnitudes of earthquake potentials are estimated for Yogyakarta depression area by using the faultlength and earthquake magnitude relations for fault specific seismic sources. For estimation of maximum earthquake magnitude, the fault specific seismic sources are modeled as 18 normal faults and 6 strike-slip faults sources referring the geological map of McDonald, 1984 and Rihardjo et al., 1995. For the present area the subduction zone earthquakes are expected to happen in the offshore region regarding the study on the seismicity of the region and the focal mechanisms of the past earthquakes. So three area sources are also assumed for this region and the possible maximum earthquake magnitudes for these sources are determined by probabilistic approaches

Molecular dynamics simulation of polyacrylamide adsorption on calcite

In poorly consolidated carbonate rock reservoirs, solids production risk, which can lead to increased environmental waste, can be mitigated by injecting formation-strengthening chemicals. Classical atomistic molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is employed to model the interaction of polyacrylamide-based polymer additives with a calcite structure, which is the main component of carbonate formations. Amongst the possible calcite crystal planes employed as surrogates of reservoir rocks, the (1 0 4) plane is shown to be the most suitable surrogate for assessing the interactions with chemicals due to its stability and more realistic representation of carbonate structure. The molecular conformation and binding energies of pure polyacrylamide (PAM), hydrolysed polyacrylamide in neutral form (HPAM), hydrolysed polyacrylamide with 33% charge density (HPAM 33%) and sulfonated polyacrylamide with 33% charge density (SPAM 33%) are assessed to determine the adsorption characteristics onto calcite surfaces. An adsorption-free energy analysis, using an enhanced umbrella sampling method, is applied to evaluate the chemical adsorption performance. The interaction energy analysis shows that the polyacrylamide-based polymers display favourable interactions with the calcite structure. This is attributed to the electrostatic attraction between the amide and carboxyl functional groups with the calcite. Simulations confirm that HPAM33% has a lower free energy than other polymers, presumably due to the presence of the acrylate monomer in ionised form. The superior chemical adsorption performance of HPAM33% agrees with Atomic Force Microscopy experiments reported herein

Asymptomatic and sub-microscopic malaria infection in Kayah State, eastern Myanmar

Myanmar has the heaviest burden of malaria in the Greater Mekong Sub-region. Asymptomatic Plasmodium spp. infections are common in this region and may represent an important reservoir of transmission that must be targeted for malaria elimination.; A mass blood survey was conducted among 485 individuals from six villages in Kayah State, an area of endemic but low transmission malaria in eastern Myanmar. Malaria infection was screened by rapid diagnostic test (RDT), light microscopy and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and its association with demographic factors was explored.; The prevalence of asymptomatic Plasmodium spp. infection was 2.3% (11/485) by real-time PCR. Plasmodium vivax accounted for 72.7% (8/11) and Plasmodium falciparum for 27.3% (3/11) of infections. Men were at greater risk of infection by Plasmodium spp. than women. Individuals who worked as farmers or wood and bamboo cutters had an increased risk of infection.; A combination of RDT, light microscopy and PCR diagnostics were used to identify asymptomatic malaria infection, providing additional information on asymptomatic cases in addition to the routine statistics on symptomatic cases, so as to determine the true burden of disease in the area. Such information and risk factors can improve malaria risk stratification and guide decision-makers towards better design and delivery of targeted interventions in small villages, representative of Kayah State