Functional outcome in distal third tibial fractures treated with interlocking nailing

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the functional outcome in distal third tibial fractures not extending into the ankle joint treated with interlocking nailing.Methods: Twenty eight patients of distal tibial fractures were admitted in our orthopaedic department .5 patients were lost to follow up. Hence 23 patients were studied. After initial resuscitation and immobilization, they were taken up for internal fixation. Depending upon their general condition and associated injuries the time interval for surgery varied from one day to two weeks. They were periodically followed at 6 weeks, 3rd month, 4th month, 6th month and every eight weeks thereafter, till fracture union.Results: No patient in the study went in for non-union. All the fractures united well. However two patients had osteomyelitis which was settled after nail removal and appropriate antibiotics. One had ankle stiffness. The outcome was analysed with Johner and Wruh criteria.Conclusions: The outcome of treatment of distal tibial fractures is mostly affected by the severity of the injury and associated complications or injury. The study showed that interlocking nailing gives good results in distal third tibial fractures

The global organization and topological properties of Drosophila melanogaster

The fundamental principles governing the natural phenomena of life is one of the critical issues receiving due importance in recent years. Most complex real-world systems are found to have a similar networking model that manages their behavioral pattern. Recent scientific discoveries have furnished evidence that most real world networks follow a scale-free architecture. A number of research efforts are in progress to facilitate the learning of valuable information by recognizing the underlying reality in the vast amount of genomic data that is becoming available. A key feature of scale-free architecture is the vitality of the highly connected nodes (hubs). This project focuses on the multi-cellular organism Drosophila melanogaster, an established model system for human biology. The major objective is to analyze the protein-protein interaction and the metabolic network of the organism to consider the architectural patterns and the consequence of removal of hubs on the topological parameters of the two interaction networks. Analysis shows that both interaction networks pursue a scale-free model establishing the fact that real networks from varied situations conform to the small world pattern. Similarly, the topology of the two networks suffers drastic variations on the removal of the hubs. It is found that the topological parameters of average path length and diameter show a two-fold and three-fold increase on the deletion of hubs for the protein-protein interaction and metabolic interaction network, respectively. The arbitrary exclusion of the nodes does not show any remarkable disparity in the topological parameters of the two networks. This aberrant behavior for the two cases underscores the significance of the most linked nodes to the natural topology of the networks

4,6-Dimeth­oxy­pyrimidin-2-amine–2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid (1/1)

In the title co-crystal C6H9N3O2·C10H9NO2, the 4,6-dimeth­oxy­pyrimidin-2-amine mol­ecule inter­acts with the carboxyl group of the 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)acetic acid mol­ecule through N—H⋯O and O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds, forming a cyclic hydrogen-bonded R 2 2(8) motif, which is further linked by an N—H⋯N hydrogen bond, forming a supra­molecular chain along the c axis. Neighboring chains are inter­linked via C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a supra­molecular ladde

Role of adipokines and perivascular adipose tissue in abdominal aortic aneurysm: a systematic review and meta-analysis of animal and human observational studies

Improved understanding of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) pathogenesis is required to identify treatment targets. This systematic review summarized evidence from animal studies and clinical research examining the role of adipokines and perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) in AAA pathogenesis. Meta-analyses suggested that leptin (Standardized mean difference [SMD]: 0.50 [95% confidence interval (CI): −1.62, 2.61]) and adiponectin (SMD: −3.16 [95% CI: −7.59, 1.28]) upregulation did not significantly affect AAA severity within animal models. There were inconsistent findings and limited studies investigating the effect of resistin-like molecule-beta (RELMβ) and PVAT in animal models of AAA. Clinical studies suggested that circulating leptin (SMD: 0.32 [95% CI: 0.19, 0.45]) and resistin (SMD: 0.63 [95% CI 0.50, 0.76]) concentrations and PVAT to abdominal adipose tissue ratio (SMD: 0.56 [95% CI 0.33, 0.79]) were significantly greater in people diagnosed with AAA compared to controls. Serum adiponectin levels were not associated with AAA diagnosis (SMD: −0.62 [95% CI −1.76, 0.52]). One, eight, and one animal studies and two, two, and four human studies had low, moderate, and high risk-of-bias respectively. These findings suggest that AAA is associated with higher circulating concentrations of leptin and resistin and greater amounts of PVAT than controls but whether this plays a role in aneurysm pathogenesis is unclear

2,4-Diamino-5-(4-chloro­phen­yl)-6-ethyl­pyrimidin-1-ium 2-propanamido­benzoate

In the title salt, C12H14ClN4 +·C10H10NO3 −, zwitterionic N—H⋯O inter­actions form an R 2 2(8) ring. The crystal structure is stabilized by N—H⋯O and N—H⋯N hydrogen bonds involving two different eight-membered rings. An N—H⋯O inter­action occurs between the pyrimidine ring (donor) and carboxyl­ate group (acceptor) while the other ring is formed by N—H⋯N inter­actions, which form a dimer between two symmetry-related salts. An intra­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen bond forms a six-membered ring in the benzoate. Inter­molecular C—H⋯O inter­actions are also observed

The emerging role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in vascular homeostasis : lessons from recent trials with anti-VEGF drugs

Peer reviewedPostprin

Animal models of ischemic limb ulcers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

The aims of this systematic review were to assess the clinical relevance and quality of previously published animal models of ischemic ulceration and examine the available evidence for interventions improving ulcer healing in these models. Publicly available databases were searched for original studies investigating the effect of limb ischemia on wound healing in animal models. The quality of studies was assessed using two tools based on the Animal research: Reporting of In Vivo Experiments (ARRIVE) guidelines and the clinical relevance of the models. A total of 640 wounds (ischemic=314; non-ischemic=326) were assessed in 252 animals (92 mice, 140 rats, 20 rabbits) from 7 studies. Meta-analyses showed that wound healing was consistently delayed by ischemia at all time-points examined (day-7 standard median difference (SMD) 5.36, 95% CI 3.67 to 7.05; day-14 SMD 4.50, 95%CI 2.90 to 6.10 and day-21 SMD 2.53, 95%CI 1.25 to 3.80). No significant difference in wound healing was observed between 32 diabetic and 32 non-diabetic animals with ischemic wounds. Many studies lacked methods to reduce bias, such as outcome assessors blinded to group allocation and sample size calculations and clinically relevant model characteristics, such as use of older animals and a peripheral location of the wound. Five different interventions were reported to improve wound healing in these models. The impaired wound healing associated with limb ischemia can be modeled in a variety of different animals. Improvements in study design could increase clinical relevance, reduce bias and aid the discovery of translatable therapies

6-Amino-3,4-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazin-1-ium 2-anilinobenzoate–3-amino-5,6-dimethyl-1,2,4- triazine (1/1)

In the title molecular salt, C5H9N4 + C13H10NO2 C5H8N4, the asymmetric unit consists of a 6-amino-3,4-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazin-1-ium cation, a 2-anilinobenzoate anion and a neutral 3-amino-5,6-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazine molecule. The typical intramolecular NH—O hydrogen bond is observed in the 2-anilinobenzoate anion. In the crystal, the protonated N atom and the 3-amino group are hydrogen bonded to the carboxylate oxygen atoms via a pair of N—HO hydrogen bonds, forming an R2 2 (8) ring motif. These motifs are further linked with adjacent neutral 3-amino-5,6-dimethyl-1,2,4-triazine molecules by N—HO and N—HN hydrogen bonds to produce centrosymmetric sixmembered units, enclosing R2 2(8) and R3 4(9) ring motifs. They are reinforced by a C—HN hydrogen bond and stack up the b-axis direction