MOSQUITO LARVICIDAL EFFICACY OF THE ACETONE LEAF EXTRACT OF SOLANUM TRILOBATUM AGAINST CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS AND AEDES AEGYPTI

Objective: The main objective of our study is to control the vector-borne disease. It is one among the major disease burden in developing countries. There are lots of researches carried out using the various plant extracts against larvicidal activities of the Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. The present investigation was aimed to investigate the phytochemical analysis and mosquito larvicidal activities of Solanum trilobatum in acetone extract against the second instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus and A. aegypti. Methods: The leaf extract of S. trilobatum was subjected to phytochemical analysis and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry analysis. The mortality rates of the second instar larvae were recorded after 24, 48, 72, and 96 h of exposure. The lethal concentration (LC)50 and LC90 were determined followed by probit analysis.Results: The LC50 values for C. quinquefasciatus were found to be 265.69 ppm, 227.59 ppm, 212.42 ppm, and 189.47 ppm at various time intervals, and the LC90 values were 558.27 ppm, 504.92 ppm, 479.09 ppm, and 444.28 ppm. Similarly, LC50 values for A. aegypti were noticed at 301.09 ppm, 256.01 ppm, 209.75 ppm, and 167.44 ppm and the LC90 values were 582.34 ppm, 477.52 ppm, 419.40 ppm, and 371.84 ppm for the time interval of 24 h, 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h.Conclusion: The result of the current work revealed that the leaf extract of the S. trilobatum has the potential to be acted as an alternative for the controlling of the mosquitoes

IN VITRO ANTIBACTERIAL EFFICACY OF PLECTRANTHUS AMBOINICUS MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES AGAINST URINARY TRACT PATHOGENS

Objective: The objective of the present study is to synthesize green mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Plectranthus amboinicus leaf extract and to evaluate its antibacterial activity against selected urinary tract infection (UTI) causing bacteria. Methods: Phytoconstituents present in leaf extract of P. amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng were analyzed by standard qualitative tests. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by visual inspection, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The antibacterial activity of synthesized AgNPs was examined against the UTI pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter sp., Klebsiella pneumonia, and Escherichia coli. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of AgNPs were carried out by broth dilution method and standard plate count method, respectively. Results: Synthesized AgNPs exhibited a spherical shape with an average size of 17.3 nm. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs against tested bacterial pathogens showed a maximum inhibition zone of 22.00±1.00 mm against P. aeruginosa. The bacterial growth inhibition was confirmed by MIC and MBC. Conclusion: P. amboinicus leaf extract mediated AgNPs could be used as an effective antibacterial agent for the management of UTIs. Surface modifications of urinary catheters with AgNPs may prevent the risk of contamination and the associated infections

Tea Is an Elixer of Life

Green tea is a commonly consumed beverage in the world and it is a rich source of polyphenolic compounds, which are known as the tea flavonoids. Polyphenolic compounds are effective against oxidative damage in various pathological conditions. Many herbal medicines are used in traditional medicine for their protective and therapeutic properties against various diseases. Among their bioactive components, tea catechins have been found to be active against all kind of diseases including cancer. Extensive report is available that green tea displays a wide range of healthy properties, such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and chemopreventors against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. This review aims to critically analyze the available literature regarding the effects of green tea or tea catechins with special emphasis on its phytoremediation against various health disorders elicited by different chemical compounds. Overall, data in literature show tea catechins appear to be a promising elixir to recover the illness of human beings

Citološka prosudba limfadenopatija u pasa - pregled 109 slučajeva

Lymphadenopathy is a commonly encountered condition in canine patients. It is not a specific disease entity but an important clinical finding; the cause should be ascertained to attempt treatment and prognosis. Aspiration cytology is now gaining popularity as a valuable aid in diagnosing lymphadenopathies because of its simplicity, rapidity, early availability of results with minimal trauma and complication to the patients. Therefore the following study was conducted to evaluate the different cytomorphological patterns associated with various canine lymphadenopathies and the usefulness of fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in diagnosing these conditions. A total of 109 FNAB samples were collected from cases of clinical lymphadenopathies in dogs. The FNAB provided an adequate quantity and quality of samples for cytomorphological analysis. Air dried FNAB smears yielded satisfactory results with Romanowsky’s stains, while wet fixed smears stained satisfactorily with Harris Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and Papanicolaou (‘Pap’) stains. The cytological diagnosis made from 109 cases were, 52 reactive hyperplasia, 25 neutrophilic lymphadenitis, 15 eosinophilic lymphadenitis, 12 metastatic lymphadenopathies, 4 lymphomas and 1 plasmacytoma. From the results of this study it can be concluded that the FNAB technique and Romanowsky’s stains were found to be the easy and rapid methods for lymph node sampling and staining respectively.Limfadenopatija se često javlja u pasa i nije zasebna bolest nego važan klinički nalaz čiji se uzrok mora ustanoviti da bi se moglo poduzeti liječenje i dati prognoza. Citologija danas dobiva na važnosti kao dragocjena pomoć pri dijagnosticiranju limfadenopatija zbog svoje jednostavnosti, brzine te brzog dobivanja rezultata s minimalnom traumom i komplikacijama za pacijente. Ovo istraživanje poduzeto je s ciljem da se procijeni vrijednost različitih citomorfoloških uzoraka povezanih s različitim limfadenopatijama u pasa te upotrebljivost aspiracijske biopsije radi dijagnosticiranja limfadenopatija. Ukupno je biopsijom bilo uzeto 109 uzoraka tkiva od pasa s kliničkim limfoadenopatijama. Aspiracijska biopsija pruža mogućnost uzimanja uzoraka za citomorfološku pretragu odgovarajuće veličine i kakvoće. Na zraku osušeni razmasci uzetoga tkiva, obojeni po Romanowskom, daju zadovoljavajuće rezultate, dok su se vlažno fiksirani razmasci tkiva zadovoljavajuće obojili hematoksilin-eozinom po Harrisu i bojenjem po Papanicolaouu. Pretragom 109 uzoraka tkiva pacijenata postavljena je citološka dijagnoza reaktivna hiperplazija u 52 pacijenta, neutrofilni limfadenitis u 25, eozinofilni limfadenitis u 15, metastatske limfadenopatije u 12, limfom u četiri i plazmocitom u jednog pacijenta. Može se zaključiti da su aspiracijska biopsija i bojenje po Romanowskom lako i brzo izvedive metode za uzimanje uzoraka limfnih čvorova i bojenje uzetoga tkiva

Sources of Human Overexposure to Fluoride, Its Toxicities, and their Amelioration Using Natural Antioxidants

Fluoride (F) is released into the environment through a combination of natural and anthropogenic processes include the weathering from volcanoes, geothermal activity, and marine aerosols. Chronic fluoride exposure has been linked with amyriad of human diseases such as skeletal and dental fluorosis, diabetes, atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, and hyperkeratosis. Since fluoride targets ubiquitous enzyme reactions, it affects nearly all organ systems in animals and humans. Apart from synthetic chemical chelators, studies have been carried out to explore natural antioxidants against F toxicity. Natural products contain substances that inhibit the theoxidation of substrate(s). Antioxidant molecules are thought to play a crucial role in counteracting free-radical-induced damage to macromolecules. In this book chapter literature survey of the different phytoremediation strategy is presented. The results show that natural antioxidants exhibit promising antidote against fluoride-induced toxicity in different mammal systems

Enhanced antitumor effect of curcumin loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in Dalton’s ascites lymphoma mice

Curcumin is widely known for its antibacterial, antioxidant and anti inflammatory effects and has been reported to possess anticancerous activity as well. However, its medical application is limited because of poor bioavailability and rapid metabolism. In this study, we encapsulated curcumin in solid lipid nanoparticles and studied its anticancerous effect in Dalton’s Ascites Lymphoma (DAL) mice model. The physicochemical characteristics of curcumin solid lipid nanoparticles (CUR-SLN) were assessed and the anticancer efficacy was determined by in vivo studies. The curcumin solid lipid nanoparticles were synthesized by solvent emulsification evaporation method with particle size less than 100 nm. Antitumor effect of nanocurcumin (50 mg/kg) and curcumin (100 mg/kg) was evaluated in Dalton’s Ascites Lymphoma bearing mice. Pathological and immunohistochemical parameters were studied. Mean survival time and percentage increase in lifespan were assessed. Nanocurcumin group showed more significant influence in reducing tumor volume and weight, inducing apoptosis, reducing angiogenesis and invasion restoring antioxidant parameters and increased mean survival time. Curcumin and nanocurcumin inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (Nf-kB), and thereby proved the pathway by which it induced anti-angiogenic and anti-invasive property

Biocompatibility studies on lanthanum oxide nanoparticles

Lanthanum oxide nanoparticles (LONP), a rare earth metal oxide, have unique properties that make them a suitable candidate for several biomedical applications. We investigated certain key in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility endpoints on LONP. LONP were cytotoxic in in vitro assays and predominantly exerted their action via release of reactive oxygen species. These nanoparticles were neither irritants nor sensitizers in a rabbit model. LONP extracts did not exert any acute systemic toxicity effects in mice. On the other hand LONP exerted toxicity to the liver following oral administration, suggesting that these particles are absorbed from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and deposited in the hepatobiliary system. LONP did not induce any mutation in the Ames test both in the presence or absence of S-9. These observations provide a base line biocompatibility and toxicity data on LONP. The current findings will also be useful in defining standards for nanoparticle containing devices. © The Royal Society of Chemistry