The Relationship between the Principals' Use of Power and Teachers' Job Satisfaction in Pakokku Township, Myanmar

These objectives have been pursued throughout the duration of the study 1) to study the principals' use of Power, 2) to study the teachers' job satisfaction and 3) to investigate the relationship between principals' use of Power and teachers' job satisfaction in Basic Education High Schools in Pakokku Township, Myanmar.In this study, the quantitative research method was used. The questionnaire survey was carried out in this study. After reviewing the related literature thoroughly, a set of questionnaires to collect the required data was developed based on Principals' Use of Power of (French Jr & Raven, 1959) and Teachers' Job Satisfaction of (Sepector, 1994).  The reliability coefficient (Cronbach α) was 0.753 for the principals' use of Power and 0.988 for the teachers' job satisfaction. The Principals' use of Power modified by the researcher and the teachers' jpb satisfaction was validated by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis and showed the good model fitting and had validity for the use in the study.Three hundred and four teachers were selected as subjects from the four Basic Education High Schools in Pakokku Township by using the random sampling method. Descriptive statistics was used to analyze the collected data. The principals' use of Power and the teachers' job satisfaction that perceived by teachers were determined as the mean value and standard deviations. Moreover, independent samples T-test and the Pearson-product moment correlation coefficient were utilized.The principals' use of power (strong level, Mean=3.78, SD=0.318) and the teachers' job satisfaction (high level, Mean=3.83, SD=0.777) that perceived by teachers and the relationship between principals' use of Power and teachers' job satisfaction were identified in this study. There were statistically significant differences in the use of Power and teachers' job satisfaction grouped by the school location (uban and rural). There was a typical association between principals'’ use of Power and teachers' job satisfaction (p<.01). Quantitative findings also suggested that the higher the principals' use of Power, the better the teachers' job satisfaction. This study gave valuable new insights into that the principals can know which types of Power should be used in the appropriate situations while working with their subordinates. Keywords- Principals' Use of Power, Teachers' Job Satisfaction DOI: 10.7176/JEP/12-9-06 Publication date:March 31st 202

Participations and Communications of Myanmar Academicians on Research Gate among Differences Disciplines

The purpose of this paper is to know the participating and communication of different disciplines among Myanmar academicians in ResearchGate (RG). The data were manually collected by visiting the profile pages of all members who had an account with the Institution of Myanmar in RG. In total, 1035 RG members and 59 participants' communications were analyzed by using the statistic method—Kruskal-Wallis H test under the five disciplines. The results show that Engineering and Technology disciplines massively participated than other disciplines on ResearchGate, while Natural science disciplines are more in research items. Life Science and Medicine disciplines have the most scholarly communication, respectively. There is no RG metric significant in social science disciplines. But, different disciplines of Myanmar academicians show varying levels of interest in being involved in RG with different significance Keywords: Researchgate, Myanmar academicians, Interaction, academic, social networks, question and answer site. DOI: 10.7176/IKM/11-2-03 Publication date:March 31st 202

Adoption Constraints for Soil Conservation Practices in Kyaukpadaung and Chaung U Townships, Dry Zone Region of Myanmar

Soil degradation problems in central dry zone (CDZ) of Myanmar are getting worse. If no proper soil conservation practices are practiced and enough measures are taken out the farmers have to leave their land. The problems are to be solved urgently and the farmers are very much in need for help. Vast majority of farmers in central dry zone of Myanmar are facing land degradation related poor productivity problems. Major causes of soil degradation are water erosion in the slops, continuous mono-cropping patterns for long term, converting Yar land into low land by pump irrigation projects, use of underground water for long time, and wind erosion in the study area. Furthermore, the salinization and/or alkalinization problems occur because of scarce rain and high evaporation. The study aims to understanding the constraints for adoption of soil conservation practices in the study area and to find out the constraints for adoption of soil conservation management. 65 respondents from Kain were, Kyauk Tagar, Medee and Kataw villages were selected in Kyaukpadaung Townhsip and 40 respondents from Taw Kyaung Gyi, Than Pin Kan, New Khway and Khin Mon village were selected in Chaung U Township for the study. About 29 percent of land were observed as degradated land. Water erosion shared 49 percent of total land degradation and which is followed by 18.3 percent of manmade problems or malpractices in farming, 15.1 percent of wind erosion, and 14 percent of salinity problem because of high temperature and scare rain. Among soil conservation practices, contouring and construction of stone wall were the most costly practices but the cost can be spread over several years that if is worth investing. Crop loss due to land degradation were estimated and it is assumed as the benefit of soil conservation, which means if the soil conservation practices are adopted the farmer will achieve the average yield from their farm. Amount of crop loss per acre ranges from 44-67 % in Kyaukpadaung Township and 29-70 % in Chaung U Township. The most binding constraints for adoption of soil conservation practices was not enough capital (65%) and followed by technological limitation problem by 16%. Therefore, the government should consider the aid or subsidy program for soil conservation and should strengthen knowledge extension program on soil conservation

Economic Analysis on Crop Diversification of Farm households in the Selected Township, Southern Shan State

The purpose of this study was to identify the degree of crop diversification and socio-economic status of farm households to measure marginal analysis on crop diversification in Taunggyi district, Southern Shan State in 2013. A simple random sampling technique was used to sample size of 150 farm households with structured questionnaires. Herfindahl method (Hd) was employed to compute the diversification index. Data were analysed by using descriptive statistics and gross margin analysis to measure the profits of crop production. The results revealed 60% and 40% of farm households in specialized farming and diversified farming, respectively. Finding could be interpreted as decrease intensification of crop diversification among farm households. Crop diversification index showed that an average index was 0.81 and 0.39 in low and high diversified group, respectively. About 77.7% and 83.3% of household heads in low and high diversified groups were males. Average family size in both groups was 5 persons family-1. Most of low farm household heads (76.7%) had only primary education. High farm household heads (35%) had primary education as well as higher education. In addition, 31.3% of low and 29.7% of high farm households received formal credit and 13.1% of low and 9.4% of high farm households received credit from UNDP. Findings indicated that 68% of low farm households cultivated comparatively small land area than high diversified group. Rice-based and maize-based cropping patterns were mainly practiced in the study area. In Nyaung Shwe and Sesai Townships, 60% and 29% of low diversified group mostly practiced mono cropping. In Pindaya Township, 58% of high diversified group mostly practiced multiple cropping. Cropping intensity of low and high diversified groups was 109% and 133%, respectively. In gross margin analysis, the whole year round vegetables cultivation was the most profitable crop in low and high diversified groups (1.99 and 1.96 BCR). Paddy-Oilseed-vegetables cropping was the second profitable pattern with1.81 of BCR in high diversified group. Maize, the second most profitable crop, in mono cropping was the most efficient capacity in labour used

Nitrogen for smallholders and cereal crops in Myanmar: economic and social dimensions for fertility decisions

The underperformance of cereal crops in Myanmar is closely related to inadequate supply of nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N). Although other crop management practices can limit crop yields, management of nutrients for crop production is an important contemporary issue. Myanmar rice growers have changed from being mainly subsistence to semi-subsistence, and there are also good prospects for increasing rice exports. Therefore there are incentives to improve rice yields and profits. Similarly for maize, as a higher value crop, there is a strong incentive to improve production and profits. But smallholder options to increase crop fertility must be considered in the social and economic context of their farming systems and village livelihoods. With small farm sizes, indebtedness, potentially high borrowing costs, and aversion to risk, their personal perspectives must be identified, discussed and incorporated into development activities. The decision to use more fertiliser is an investment with potential benefits and costs, which must be considered in the family and village contexts in which the decision is made. Smallholder personal (subjective) beliefs about crop yield improvements from added fertiliser are important in considering such decisions. An economic framework is available for evaluating such decisions (marginal analysis of returns from incremental N applications with a high target rate of investment return), which can be used in conjunction with field demonstrations of crop yield responses to fertiliser. But further study of social aspects such as understanding smallholder perspectives, motivations and limits to action will be undertaken in conjunction with agronomic and economic assessments

Factors Influencing Proper Plantar Ulcer Care of Leprosy Patients: Experience from Mon-Ywa Township of Disabilities Survey Project, Myanmar

A cross-sectional study design was applied to explore types and ways of proper plantar ulcer care and factors influencing it. This study was conducted during 2008 in Mon-ywa Township because it is one of the ‘9 selected townships of the Disabilities survey project’. The study involved 19 patients affected by leprosy (PAL) with foot grade 2 disability, but without plantar ulcer at the time of study, 6 community members who had PAL in their immediate family and 6 community members who had PAL among their surroundings. They participated voluntarily in the study. The information was gathered by in-depth interview. Stigma attached to disability-related leprosy was still observed among the study respondents. They knew that ulcer could weaken their life and their surroundings. They were also aware of that one would gain benefit if one would free from ulcer. Personal outlook, a close attachment of their families and responsibility for the family, community’s reactions and the provision from the health service were the key factors to push and pull the PAL to perform plantar ulcer care. Consequently, as to regain the normal life in a society, despite a number of difficulties, PAL tried their best to look after the plantar ulcer along with the help from their families and relatives. As they were aware of the value of ulcer-free condition. for the future, they had positive view on plantar ulcer care not only for them but also for their families