Optical fiber temperature sensor based on fiber bragg grating

It is important to study optical fiber temperature sensor based on fiber Bragg Grating. The Fiber Bragg grating sensors can offer highly sensitive, cost effective solutions for optical sensing. While fiber Bragg gratings have been implemented in various sensing applications over the past few decades, recent efforts explore the limits of reflected and transmitted for FBG sensors. The FBG temperature sensor, is essential to establish the smallest distance of single mode fibre in order to reduce optical losses of the FBG system. One of the most generally used deployed optical sensors is the fiber Bragg grating, with optical circulator, ASE source and OSA, the FBG which reflects a wavelength of light that shifts in response to variations in temperature. The advantage of reflection that its can easily detect the Bragg reflected signal. The FBG is very sensitive to variations in temperature degrees over a temperature range of (30–60) °C. The variation of wavelength of an fiber Bragg grating is caused by the temperature. Moreover, change in temperature affect both the effective refractive and grating period of an FBG, which result in a shift in the reflected wavelength. Moreover, most of the existing FBG sensors systems on the market provide a limited wavelength resolution Therefore, it is the purpose of this thesis to enhance the grating sensors sensitivity to temperature. In addition, the purpose to make a small comparison between the transmitted and reflected spectrum. It is apparent that any shift in the Bragg wavelength is influenced by the temperature. Moreover, the sensitivity was calculated equal to 17.1pm°C with SNR equal to 13.7 dB based on the reflection spectrum

A Review of Fault Diagnosing Methods in Power Transmission Systems

Transient stability is important in power systems. Disturbances like faults need to be segregated to restore transient stability. A comprehensive review of fault diagnosing methods in the power transmission system is presented in this paper. Typically, voltage and current samples are deployed for analysis. Three tasks/topics; fault detection, classification, and location are presented separately to convey a more logical and comprehensive understanding of the concepts. Feature extractions, transformations with dimensionality reduction methods are discussed. Fault classification and location techniques largely use artificial intelligence (AI) and signal processing methods. After the discussion of overall methods and concepts, advancements and future aspects are discussed. Generalized strengths and weaknesses of different AI and machine learning-based algorithms are assessed. A comparison of different fault detection, classification, and location methods is also presented considering features, inputs, complexity, system used and results. This paper may serve as a guideline for the researchers to understand different methods and techniques in this field

The productivity of Maize (Zea mays L.) Water using efficacy and Consumptive use under different Irrigation systems

Under conditions of freshwater scarcity in Iraq, farmers are looking to adopt more effective irrigation methods compared with conventional. In 2016 and 2017, a field experiment was performed over two years to evaluate optimal irrigation method for maize Zea mays L. production using a Randomized Completely Bloke Design RCBD with five irrigation furrow treatments I0, surface drip I1, and subsurface drip with three depths of emitter 10cm I2, 20 I3, and 30cm I4 respectively. These treatments were irrigated when 50- 55% of the available water was depleted; then, a sensor system was utilized to identify the required water amount to bring the soil in the crop root area to the capacity field. The results indicated that the consumptive water use of furrow 707.91 and 689.69 mm surface drip 558.65 and 529.66 mm and subsurface drip with emitter deep at 10 cm 400.38 and 380.83 mm, 20cm 313.93 and 293.50 mm and 30cm 345.61 and 325.28 mm for 2016 and 2017 respectively. Subsurface drip irrigation increases crop yield; the greatest yield grain was optioned under the treatment subsurface drip irrigation with 20 cm emitter depth and the lowest under surface drip irrigation

The influence of participative leadership on employee performance: a case of the public sector in Saudi Arabia

Most public organizations in Saudi Arabia currently face leadership problems such as the inability to meet organizational performance targets, low productivity, and poor motivation. This study presents a critical analysis of the extent to which a participative leadership style could help improve these leadership challenges in the Saudi Arabia public sector organizations. Its main objective was to determine the impact participative leadership has on employee performance in the Saudi Arabia public sector. It focused on analyzing the positive impact the participative leadership approach has on employee performance that contributes to enhanced employee performance and organizational performance. However, the participative leadership approach represents the independent variable for the study while employee performance is the dependent variable. In this case, performance refers to the capacity to combine the correct behavior skills in order to aid in the attainment and objectives of an organization. It entails quality and quantity of work as well as the workers\u27 capabilities. This study used a quantitative research method. The population of interest in this study was employees from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Saudi Arabia. The total number of the participants was 110 employees and all of them worked for more than 1 year by the time the study was conducted. This study utilized an online survey for collecting primary data. For 1 week, the study collected data from 110 respondents whose information is kept confidential through online survey questionnaires in English and Arabic. The anticipated outcome from the study and existing research was that workers who experience or perceive to experience participative leadership in the Saudi Arabia public sector perform better than other workers by completing more organizational goals through quality work and teamwork within a supportive workplace environment

Cultural adaptation of self-management models for Type 2 Diabetes in Saudi Arabia

According to the global prevalence of diabetes, Saudi Arabia is ranked 7th. Currently the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia spends around US $6 billion, or more than 16% of its budget on treating diabetes and its complications. The focus of this thesis is type 2 diabetes. Some countries have developed their own type 2 diabetes self-management education programmes. These programmes aim to educate individuals with type 2 diabetes to become independent and capable of taking initiative in dealing with their type 2 diabetes in order to have better health and quality of life. Saudi Arabia does not have such a programme. The main aim of this thesis was to carry out an initial need assessment for type 2 diabetes self-management education programmes to examine if the solutions provided through self-management education programmes can help individuals with type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia. This aim was pursued through three complementary studies, each of them aimed to cover a specific point of this need assessment. Study one aimed to evaluate needs based on the degree of success of self-management strategies used in any existing programmes or attempts. Evidence on such success was driven from published type 2 diabetes self-management studies in Saudi Arabia and sister Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Study two examined demographic and clinical associations with type 2 diabetes in Saudi Arabia. Study three aimed to provide an insight into how health professionals dealing with type 2 diabetes and those under their care in Saudi Arabia perceive the current type 2 diabetes management options and if the solutions offered through self-management programmes are needed or could be of a benefit. The above approach was based on a model devised by Kumpfer and colleagues for need assessment and cultural adaptation. This model describes nine steps to assess the need of a self-management programme. Part of the need assessment is to assess the need for cultural adaptation to make the programme suitable for a new setting or population. Step one in this model recommends reviewing published literature, which was done through a systematic review. It also suggests examining factors associated with the healthcare condition targeted by the programme and understanding the views of those affected by this condition. This thesis systematically reviewed publications on type 2 diabetes self-management studies in Saudi Arabia and GCC. Although none of the reviewed studies (n=8) tested a full type 2 diabetes self-management programme, it was clear that teaching participants how to monitor their blood glucose, become more active or eat healthier, was associated with an improvement in the control of their diabetes. However, the systematic review also showed that the studies did not consider the concept of cultural adaptation. Without cultural adaptation to make the programme more suitable to the local context, one can expect the success of some aspects of such a programme to be compromised. In order to build on these recommendations suggested in the first step of Kumpfer’s model, this thesis used the Saudi Health Interview Survey, published in 2013, to investigate sociodemographic, health and lifestyle factors associated with type 2 diabetes and its control. The survey included the responses of a representative sample (n=10,827). Of Saudi adults 7.5% (n=808) had type 2 diabetes. Factors associated with type 2 diabetes were being a male, above 55 years and overweight. The analysis also showed comorbidity between hypertension and type 2 diabetes. However, some unexpected findings were encountered in this secondary data analysis. Factors such as physical activity and smoking were not statistically significant in association with type 2 diabetes. On the other hand, people who ate more fast food were less likely to have type 2 diabetes and those who ate more fruits and vegetable were more likely to have poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. Finally, to conclude the first step in the Kumpfer model, a qualitative study was designed to understand the views of participants who have type 2 diabetes (in-depth interviews with 12 participants with type 2 diabetes) and the health professionals (n=9 divided into two focus groups) responsible for their care at a specialised endocrinology centre. The study revealed some challenges to successful management of type 2 diabetes, which can be overcome with type 2 diabetes self-management programmes. All individuals with type 2 diabetes from the city, in which the specialised endocrinology centre is located, and the surrounding rural areas attended this one centre. This led to overcrowding in clinics. For many, particularly women, it was not easy to practice outdoor sports; indoor sport facilities were available, but not affordable for some. Many were dependent on cars, while some found it difficult to quit smoking. It was also useful to know that many, who started to eat healthier food such as vegetables, or had given up on eating fast food, had only started doing so after they were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, which may explain some of the unexpected findings in the quantitative study. In summary, this thesis used three different research methods, systematic review, quantitative data analysis and qualitative study, in order to advise on the need for initiating a national type 2 diabetes self-management programme in Saudi Arabia. It is clear that a culturally adapted programme to be specific to Saudi Arabia is needed to help to tackle issues associated with clinic overcrowding, restrictions on achieving better physical activity levels and weight control for both sexes and all age groups, particularly older individuals who may require help to self-manage other chronic illnesses