Algebraic methods for dynamic systems

Algebraic methods for application to dynamic control system

Reference Distorted Prices

I show that when consumers (mis)perceive prices relative to reference prices, budgets turn out to be soft, prices tend to be lower and the average quality of goods sold decreases. These observations provide explanations for decentralized purchase decisions, for people being happy with a purchase even when they have paid their evaluation, and for why trade might affect high quality local firms 'unfairly'

Effect of Lysine in Starter Diets on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Swine

Current research indicates that the lysine level suggested by the National Research Council for starter pigs (10 to 20 kg) may be inadequate. Lysine, the first limiting amino acid in most swine rations, is mainly provided by soybean meal in cereal-based diets. With the increasing price of soybean meal, it is important to determine the correct lysine requirement in order to minimize the amount of soybean meal needed in the ration. In low protein diets, lysine has been shown to increase rate of gain and decrease feed/gain in swine.· It also effects carcass characteristics by increasing loin-eye area and total amount of lean, while decreasing fat percentage. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of varying levels of lysine in starter diets on performance of swine from weaning to slaughter and on the resulting carcass characteristics

Amino Acid Deficiencies in a Lysine Supplemented Low-protein Sunflower Meal Diet for Young Pigs

There has been a dramatic increase in sunflower production during the past few years. Sunflower seeds are used primarily for the production of sunflower oil, thus, the by-product of this pr-0cess is sunflower meal which is available for livestock use. Processes that remove much of the hull, result in a meal that has a protein content similar to that of soybean meal. However, the lysine level of sunflower meal is only approximately 58% of the level in soybean meal. Since synthetic lysine is now readily available it is possible that lysine supplemented sunflower meal could be an alternative for soybean meal in swine diets. This study was conducted to determine other limiting amino acids in a lysine supplemented, 12% protein, corn-sunflower meal diet for young pigs

Lysine Supplementation of Barley-Soybean Meal Diets for Growing Pigs

The lysine requirement of pigs as suggested by the National Research Council (NRC) was determined using corn-soybean meal based diets. More recent research has indicated that differences exist in the availability of lysine in different ingredients. It has been suggested that lysine in barley is less available than lysine in corn. Thus, it is possible that diets formulated with barley and soybean meal to meet the NRC\u27s suggested lysine requirement, might actually be deficient in this amino acid. This study was conducted to determine the lysine needs of pigs fed barley-soybean meal diets from approximately 45 to 75 lb

Limiting Amino Acids in Sunflower Meal for Growing Swine

Increased production of sunflower seeds, particularly in South Dakota, North Dakota and Minnesota, has increased the availability of sunflower meal as a protein supplement source for livestock diets. Previous research has shown that sunflower meal is not a good source of the amino acid lysine, the first limiting amino acid in sunflower meal. If lysine is available at a competitive cost, economical diets can be. formulated using synthetic lysine and sunflower meal that are equal in lysine content to diets using soybean meal as the protein source. This study was conducted to identify other limiting amino acids in a lysine fortified low protein, corn-sunflower meal diet for the growing pig

Staining and peeling of the internal limiting membrane using a fluorescent dye (Rhodamine 6 G)

Aim: To assess whether low concentrations of a fluorescent dye such as Rhodamine 6G would help the unaided human eye visualise the vitreous and the internal limiting membrane (ILM) under standard halogen illumination.Material/methods: The UV/Vis absorption (E) and fluorescence (I) spectra of Rhodamine 6G in water were measured and compared with Indocyanine Green (ICG). Surgery was performed in two rhesus monkeys and consisted of standard pars plana vitrectomy with halogen light source used for illumination. Rhodamine 6G was diluted in balanced salt solution (BSS). A few drops of the dye in a concentration of 0.1% (307 mOsm) were applied over the posterior pole in the air-filled globe and washed out by irrigation after 1 min. Immediately after surgery, the globes were enucleated, fixated and prepared for histological evaluation.Results: In contrast to ICG, both the maximum of the absorption and emission of Rhodamin 6G are very much within the spectral sensitivity of the human eye. The Rhodamine 6G--BSS itself appears red in colour. Using a dye concentration of 0.1%, there was no visible red-staining of the ILM as such. As the dye was irrigated out with BSS, a marked green fluorescence of the fluid within the vitreous cavity was noted. With halogen illumination through a standard 20-gauge light pipe, the dye provided a sufficient green fluorescence to identify and safely remove the ILM and to clearly differentiate areas of peeled from non-peeled ILM. During light microscopy, eyes revealed a peeled ILM demarcation with no signs of acute retinal toxicity.Conclusion: The findings indicate that a fluorescent dye can be used for ILM peeling. Assuming that the fluorophore provides a high enough fluorescence quantum yield after adsorption to the ILM, much lower dye concentrations could be used compared with absorbent dyes, thereby minimising toxic effects