The Effect of Teachers’ Self-Efficacy on Their Attitude Towards Implementation of Multicultural Education in Harari Government Secondary Schools

This study was aimed at to investigate the effect of teachers’ self-efficacy attitude towards the implementation of Multicultural Education (MCE) in Harari Region Secondary Schools. To realize this descriptive survey design with quantitative approach was adopted.  100, teachers  were selected by using stratified random sampling techniques followed simple random sampling technique. Data were collected through closed ended questionnaires.   Descriptive and inferential statistical data analysis was employed. The finding showed that the practice of MCE in school was medium and teachers’ self-efficacy towards implementations of MCE in the schools was found statistically significant.  Self-efficacy in the implementation of MCE was statistically significant predictors of teacher’s attitude and practices towards implementation of MCE in the schools respectively. Self-efficacy contributed 17% on attitude and 26 % to practices in the implementation of MCE had positive impact. Self-efficacy of teachers toward MCE had a statistically significant moderate positive relation with teachers’ practices of MCE. Self-efficacy had positive impact on attitude of teachers and practices of teachers in the implementation of MCE.  The study presented crucial implications for further studies and policy actions for preparing teachers for multicultural teachers’ curriculum and multicultural educators for building cultural tolerance among diversified students in the schools. Keywords: Self-efficacy, Attitudes, Teachers, Implementation, Multicultural education DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/12-19-02 Publication date:October 31st 202

Honey Market Constraints and Opportunities in the Case of Lasta Woreda North Wollo Zone, Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia

This study was conducted in Amhara Region North Wollo Zone Lasta Woreda. The main focuses of the study is to assess analysis and identify constraints and opportunities of honey. Market in the study area .The study approach was descriptive research as well as both quantitative and qualitative data collection method was applied. The study was carried out by collecting data from primary and secondary sources. The result of study from sample respondent showed that majority of the hive owned by the bee keepers was traditional next to this transition and lastly modern bee hive. The annual average income earned by sample respondents was 1358 birr. When I compare producers selling price during harvest with the selling price of intermediaries after harvest has shown significant difference. The result indicated that bee keepers were receiving less income where as the intermediaries are benefiting better earning. This shows as there is marketing in efficiency in the study area. In the study area the level of honey channel, the constraints and opportunities of honey market have been identified. The level of honey market was indicated by its low level of honey extraction and processing, storage and transportation materials, means of transportation of honey to the market, flow of market information, honey transaction measurements etc are identified

State Capacity and Trade in the Ethiopia-Somali Borderlands

Cross-border trade is an enduring feature of African borderlands. Ethiopia had a long history of informal economic relations in its frontiers. This study examined the prevalent trends of economic relations in the Ethiopia-Somaliland borderlands, with particular reference to the post-1991 period. These trends are assessed in the context of the entrenchment of state authority. The paper found that ‘informal’ trade, which is pervasive in these borderlands, is not as such informal. Indeed, the distinction between formal and informal is found to be imprecise. The conventional view holds that the presence of a large size of informal economy is a manifestation of state’s weakness. Contrary to the conventional wisdom, this paper shows that state capacity is not something to be owned or possessed but rather is a result of a multifaceted negotiation of actors on the ground

Orthopedic and Major Limb Trauma at the Tikur Anbessa University Hospital, Addis Ababa - Ethiopia

Background: In Ethiopia, Injuries constitute around half of all surgical emergencies, and are the primary reason for an emergency hospital visit in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and pattern of major limb traumatic injuries and orthopedic conditions treated as emergency at Tikur Anbessa University Hospital (TAUH).Methods: A three-year retrospective descriptive audit of all the orthopedic and major limb trauma patients who attended the ‘surgical’ emergency department of TAUH in the three-year period between December 2001 and November 2004, and who received treatment necessitating at least one further visit.Results: A total of 7317 patients presented to the orthopaedic emergency service at Tikur Anbessa Hospital (TAUH) during the study period. Their median age was 25 years. Males: Female ratio of 3:1. A total of 7151 (98%) had suffered one or more severe limb injuries. Polytrauma was noted in 516 (7%) of the cases. Road Traffic Injuries (RTI’s) accounted for 2793 (39%) patients of whom 88% were pedestrians who had been ‘hit by a car’. Hand injuries accounted for 841 (12%), and of these 162 (20%) lost either a part of or all of the hand. Ninety nine (61%) of these ‘hand’ amputations followed a machine injury. Only 740 patients were admitted to TAUH out of 2372 whose condition required urgent inpatient care. One hundred and sixty five patients (2% of total) arrived with an acute orthopedic infection, 120 were children (73%) and 109 (90%) of these arrived ‘late’.Conclusion: It is suggested that a reduction in the number of RTA’s together with appropriate education of the public would reduce the number of patients currently being injured in Addis Ababa. Finally we believe that this study recording the relative incidence of fractures and joint injuries by site will provide a base line for further studies

Dietary calcium intake and sunlight exposure among children aged 6-23 months in Dale Woreda, southern Ethiopia

Nutritional rickets can be caused by either or both calcium and vitamin D deficiencies, and can frequently occur in Africa. In Ethiopia, limited evidence exists regarding the calcium intake of children and their sunlight exposure practices. The purpose of this study was to assess information regarding dietary calcium intake and sunlight exposure practice, which are factors related to nutritional rickets. The study was conducted in Dale Woreda, Southern Ethiopia using a community based cross-sectional survey design with both descriptive and analytic components. A total of 170 children were selected using multi-stage sampling technique. A structured questionnaire and an interactive 24-hour dietary assessment method were used to collect data on sociodemographic and economic information and to assess dietary calcium intake of participant children. The Ethiopian food composition table supplemented by world food data were used to convert dietary intake into nutrient content. The mean (SD) age of the study children was 14.4 (+4.7) months. The male to female ratio was 1.24. The mean (± SD) calcium intake of participant children was 407 ± 235 mg/day; 26.5% had low dietary calcium intake compared with their age specific recommended nutrient intake (RNI) value. Regarding sunlight exposure, 41.1% participant mothers exposed their child to sunlight within 1 (one) month of birth and 56.5% of study children were exposed to sunlight for 20 to 30 minutes per day. In conclusion, the risk of dietary calcium inadequacy was prevalent because of low intakes by some children. Even if only 26.5% of participating children had low dietary calcium intake, the children in the study area have some risk of dietary calcium inadequacy due to the high content of phytate in the prevailing complementary foods such as fruits and maize based complementary food, which can inhibit bioavailability of calcium. The participant children were not at risk of inadequate exposure to sunlight because they had good exposure practices and there was no sunlight avoidance practices among the majority of participant children.Key words: Calcium, Children, Ethiopia, Rickets, Sunlight exposure, Vitamin D,Phytate, Complementary food

Instructional Technology Implementation in Haramaya University Community School Grade 11-12 in Focus: Challenges and Opportunities

This study was intentional to engross in the Implementation of Instructional Technology in Haramaya University Community Model School Grade 11-12. It was employed mixed research design, and approach. The data was collected from 30 teachers and 29 students selected by using availability sampling and random sampling  techniques particular lottery method and data collected through questionnaires, interview, and observation. To analysis data SPSS Version 20 was used and frequency and percentage were used. The study revealed that  practices of instructional technology is low, in line with opportunity on the implementation of instructional  technology in the school there is same availability of instructional technology like computer, laboratory equipment ,map, chart, model ,poster, glob, nevertheless, in line with this the implementation of instructional technology is very  low .The challenges of instructional technology implementation is facing lack of awareness about the importance of  instructional technology; lack of motivation from both teacher and students; lack of technician or human resources;  lack of attention from administrative of the school; lack of team spirit from teacher-to-teachers ,school-to-student  parents, unproper uses of resources; lack of time from teachers; lacks of enough resources; lack of commitment to implement from the top to down leader ,and lack flow up.  In line with techniques to minimize those challenges the  results showed as it is batter if giving training and awareness creation on instructional about the use and  impotence instructional technology for both teachers and students in quality education; motivating and rewarding  teachers based on their performance in line with instructional technology activates and process of its  implementation; attention to be given to the instructional technology planning, implementation, evaluation,  feedback, and improvement of each teacher in the school by school leader, unit leader, department head, and  teachers them self to develop their capacity with this subject matter; creating team work or coordination among  school teachers, department, streams to share their experiences ; flow up the scientific producers of instructional  technology practices evaluation stages in which it involves planning, implementation, evaluation, feedback, and  taking improvement on the weakness side; allocating enough resources for teaching and learning as well as giving  orientation how to use those materials in the school are forwarded based the results of the study. Thus it is recommended that the implementation and practices of instructional technology in the school is need leader attention in addressing determinants factors that motivate and encourage the commitment of school teachers and students

An assessment of fixed asset management in the case of Addis Ababa University, 6 Kilo campus

The study was conducted in Addis Ababa University, 6 Kilo campus, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from February 19, 2014 to May 19 to assess the practice of fixed asset management of the organization. Descriptive type of the study method was employees through collection of data by judgmental sampling from the employers of the organization. A total of 14 employers (3 fixed asset managers, 3 store and fixed asset store units, 3 store and supply units, 3 internal audit service unit, and 2 finance officers) were involved in the study as a respondent. From the total of 14 respondents, 10(85.7%) convinced that the university is applying the basic elements of fixed asset management policies. Similarly, out of the total employers who fill the questionnaire, 10(71.4%) respondents reflected that the fixed asset management department is doing its responsibilities. Among the 14 employers, 9(73.5%) respondents indicated that the institute is disposing retired asset as per the legislation. Finally, those 9(64.2%) employers out of the total population clarified that the organization maintenance department is performing its duty. As the result indicated that the practice of fixed assets management in Addis Ababa University, 6 kilo campus is in a good condition even if there are some problems in the department of the fixed assets management. Therefore, series decision are required to observe and identify those problems and appropriate measures should be taken to reduce maintenance cost and extending the retirement time of assets in order to attain the future plan and goal of the organization

Costs of Implementing Collective Action and Capacity Building Among Pastoralists in Southern Ethiopia

Since 2000, the PARIMA project has implemented risk-management activities among semi-settled pastoralists in southern Ethiopia. The goal has been to improve human welfare via collective action and capacity building. Outcomes include progress in income generation, asset conservation, and livelihood diversification. Fifty-nine collective-action groups were created. Dominated by women, they included over 2,000 founding members and groups have recently merged to form 37 cooperatives, consistent with government policy. Creating sustainable impacts via collective action and capacity building requires many inputs. Taking raw, illiterate volunteers and transforming them into sustainable groups took up to three years, on average. Costs of implementing this program are estimated at USD 34 per person for a target population of 13,800 direct beneficiaries, based on an exchange rate of 9.1 Ethiopian Birr per USD. This is about USD 1 per person per month. The project has generated many direct and indirect benefits for individuals and communities, but these are very difficult to quantify. We speculate, however, that there has been a large and positive net benefit from the project once costs are considered. Simply knowing potential costs is useful because it helps development agencies decide how such programs might be effectively designed and implemented

Membrane Type 1 Matrix Metalloproteinase Regulates Monocyte Migration and Collagen Destruction in Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global pandemic and drug resistance is rising. Multicellular granuloma formation is the pathological hallmark of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. The membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP or MMP-14) is a collagenase that is key in leukocyte migration and collagen destruction. In patients with TB, induced sputum MT1-MMP mRNA levels were increased 5.1-fold compared with matched controls and correlated positively with extent of lung infiltration on chest radiographs (r = 0.483; p < 0.05). M. tuberculosis infection of primary human monocytes increased MT1-MMP surface expression 31.7-fold and gene expression 24.5-fold. M. tuberculosis-infected monocytes degraded collagen matrix in an MT1-MMP-dependent manner, and MT1-MMP neutralization decreased collagen degradation by 73%. In human TB granulomas, MT1-MMP immunoreactivity was observed in macrophages throughout the granuloma. Monocyte-monocyte networks caused a 17.5-fold increase in MT1-MMP surface expression dependent on p38 MAPK and G protein-coupled receptor-dependent signaling. Monocytes migrating toward agarose beads impregnated with conditioned media from M. tuberculosis-infected monocytes expressed MT1-MMP. Neutralization of MT1-MMP activity decreased this M. tuberculosis network-dependent monocyte migration by 44%. Taken together, we demonstrate that MT1-MMP is central to two key elements of TB pathogenesis, causing collagen degradation and regulating monocyte migration