Development Of Polyurethane/Clay Nanocomposites Based On Palm Oil Polyol

Polyurethanes (PURs) are very versatile polymeric materials with a wide range of physical and chemical properties. PURs have desirable properties such as high abrasion resistance, tear strength, shock absorption, flexibility and elasticity. Although they have relatively poor thermal stability, this can be improved by using treated clay. Polyurethane/clay nanocomposites have been synthesized from renewable sources. A polyol for the production of polyurethane by reaction with an isocyanate was obtained by the synthesis of palm oil-based oleic acid with glycerol. Dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) was used as catalyst and emulsifier. The unmodified clay (kunipia-F) was treated with cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB-mont) and octadodecylamine (ODA-mont). The d-spacing in CTAB-mont and ODA-mont were 1.571 nm and 1.798 nm respectively and larger than that of the pure-mont (1.142 nm). The organoclay was completely intercalated in the polyurethane, as confirmed by a wide angle x-ray diffraction (WAXD) pattern. Polyurethane/clay nanocomposites were prepared by a pre-polymer method and were evaluated by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra to determine micro-domain structures of segmented PU, CTAB-mont-PU 1, 3, 5 wt% and ODA-mont-PU 1, 3, 5 wt%. The morphology of the nanocomposites was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the pattern showed that all of the nanocomposites produced from this work are of the intercalated type. These were further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) when the surfaces of the materials were studied. Thermal stability was investigated with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that adding clay demonstrated better thermal stability in comparison with the virgin polyurethane. Onset degradation of pure PU is at 200 o C, and is lower than that of the CTAB-mont PU and ODA-mont PU which takes place at about 318 o C and 330 o C, respectively. The mechanical properties (including the dynamic mechanical properties) of pure polyurethane (PU) and PU/clay nanocomposites, were measured. The modified organoclay had a remarkably beneficial effect on the strength and elongation at break of the nanocomposites, which both increased with increasing clay content with the increase of the tensile strength of more than 214% and 267% by the addition of only 5 wt% of the montmorillonite CTAB-mont PU and ODA-mont PU, respectively

The Effect of Filler Content on Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene/Clay Nanocomposites

This study investigated the effect of filler content on mechanical properties of polypropylene. There are synthesis clay and un-synthesis clay used as filler content. Different ratio of clay in polypropylene to study which ratio has a better mechanical property. The tensile test was carried out using INSTRON5565 and the maximum stress, strain, and modulus of elasticity observed. The experimental results showed that polypropylene/clay nanocomposite has a higher maximum stress compare to pure polypropylene and un-synthesis clay. Besides that modulus of elasticity of specimen calculated and finds that it increased with increment filler content and strain did not affect by filler. The synthesis clay filled into polypropylene will have a better mechanical property.  Keywords: nanocomposite, polypropylene, synthesis cla

Sintesa dan Karakteristik Sifat Mekanik Karet Nanokomposit

Peningkatan sifat mekanik karet alam dengan penambahan tanah liat nanokomposit pada kosentrasi berbeda yaitu 1, 3 dan 5 % berat sudah berhasil diteliti. Pada percobaan ini pengujian dilakukan dengan X-Ray Difraction (X-RD) untuk analisa morphologi dan Instron untuk analisa uji tarik. Penambahan tanah liat nanokomposit kedalam matrik polimer adalah untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanik dari material asli dan juga untuk menghasilkan suatu produk polimer yang lebih murah. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah terjadinya peningkatan yang drastis terhadap basal spacing dari matrik polimer dan menunjukkan intercalasi diantara polimer dengan pengisinya. Uji tarik juga menununjukkan peningkatan yang sangat signifikan yaitu 14.983 MPa pada karet alam menjadi 40.178 MPa pada karet alam-tanah liat nanokomposit 5% berat.   Kata kunci: karet alam, sifat mekanik, tanah liat nanokomposi

Sintesa dan Karakteristik Sifat Mekanik Karet Nanokomposit

Peningkatan sifat mekanik karet alam dengan penambahan tanah liat nanokomposit pada kosentrasi berbeda yaitu 1, 3 dan 5 % berat sudah berhasil diteliti. Pada percobaan ini pengujian dilakukan dengan X-Ray Difraction (X-RD) untuk analisa morphologi dan Instron untuk analisa uji tarik. Penambahan tanah liat nanokomposit kedalam matrik polimer adalah untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanik dari material asli dan juga untuk menghasilkan suatu produk polimer yang lebih murah. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah terjadinya peningkatan yang drastis terhadap basal spacing dari matrik polimer dan menunjukkan intercalasi diantara polimer dengan pengisinya. Uji tarik juga menununjukkan peningkatan yang sangat signifikan yaitu 14.983 MPa pada karet alam menjadi 40.178 MPa pada karet alam-tanah liat nanokomposit 5% berat.Kata kunci: karet alam, sifat mekanik, tanah liat nanokomposi

Green composites of natural fiber bamboo/pineapple leaf/coconut husk as hybrid materials

Natural fiber reinforced polymer composite materials have been investigated for mechanical properties using by Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and structures of the fractured surfaces through optical and electron microscopy scanning with materials from natural fiber synthesis are bamboo fiber, pineapple leaf and coconut fiber mixed in polyester resin to be a hybrid composite material to see the best characteristics of tensile test properties. Mixing of natural fibers (filler) with polyester (matrix) has been developed as a renewable material. The results showed that the incorporation of bamboo-pineapple leaf-husk fiber have optimum tensile strength value 366 Mpa wirh flexural strength 0.302 Mpa. This is due to the presence of bamboo fiber has a high content of cellulose that can to replaced the failure in pineapple leafs and coconut fiber and make the hybrid composites not only as a strong material but biodegradable too

Bio-Nanocomposite Polyurethane / Clay / Chitosan Paints that have thermal resistance and antibacterial properties for biomedical applications

The coating material used for the manufacture of polyurethane paints is a coating of hybrid organic-inorganic materials based on palm oil (oleic acid). Polyols are produced from the synthesis of oleic acid by adding organic and inorganic ingredients. Chitosan and bentonite are organic and inorganic elements, which are used to improve thermal capability and antibacterial properties of polyurethane paint produced. Hybrid bentonite-chitosan is then synthesized with polyols and isocyanate is added, namely TDI (Toluene Diisocyanate) to form polyurethane. In the FTIR spectrum of the polyol on O-H bond at Wavelength 3210.25 cm-1, C-H bond at Wavelength 2856.87 cm-1 and C = O bond at Wavelength 1610.86 cm-1, and hybrid bentonitechitosan of FTIR Analysis Chitosan: -OH group at Wavelength 3250 cm-1, N-H at 3545 cm-1, C = O at wavelength 1681 cm-1, C-H group at Wavelength 2810 cm-1. Bentonite: -OH group at Wavelength 3435 cm-1, Si-O group at Wavelength of 1161 cm-1 and Al-O and Si-O groups at Wavelength 820 cm-1. Aliphatic C-H Cluster at 2815 cm-1 Wavelength and 1125 cm-1 Wavelength indicates the presence of a C-O group. While the results of SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) from polyurethane products and with the addition of hybrid bentonite-chitosan namely polyurethane paints produced mixed with chemicals and the main ingredients are polyols from palm oil (oleic acid) while small white clumps greyish namely hybrid bentonite-chitosan which has been mixed into polyurethane paint. This study produced a hybrid material of benthicchitosan as a filler in the manufacture of polyurethane paint

Influence of layering sequences on tensile properties of hybrid woven Jute/Ramie fibre reinforced polyester composites

Many researchers around the globe have shifted their focus onto the renewable resources lately. This trend is due to the number of resources that are almost reaching its critical stage hence the exploration of natural fibre composites has also caught the world's attention. In this research the effect of the number of layers, stacking sequences, and orientation of plain weave jute and ramie fibre single/hybrid composites on tensile properties were investigated. The stacking sequences consisted of two and three layered of laminated composite of pure jute (JJ, JJJ), pure ramie (RR, RRR) and ramie/ramie/ramie (RRR), whereas jute/ramie (JR), jute/jute/ramie (JJR), jute/ramie/jute (JRJ), ramie/jute/ramie (RJR), jute/ramie/ramie (JRR) were included under the hybrid composites category. The comparisons of tensile properties for each of the pure polyester, single, and hybrid composites were evaluated afterwards. The tensile strength and tensile modulus of the composites that was constructed with different fibre direction of warp and weft for each layer were also analyzed. The hand lay-up method was employed for all the fabrication of the composite specimens. From the results, it was observed that the tensile properties of the skin-core type composites (RJR, JRJ) have showed a better performance compared to the skin-eccentric types (RRJ, JJR) with similar ramie content. Attributed to a good fibre rigidity of Ramie fibre, the tensile strength and tensile modulus values could be enhanced with the addition of the ramie content in the composite mixture. The tensile properties were proven to also be improved with the increase number of woven layers in the composite. The Jute/ramie hybrid composite has exhibited very high potential in the future development of the automotive industry

Synthesis and characterization of PLA-Chitosan-ZnO composite for packaging biofilms

This research was conducted to improve the characteristics of PLA-Chitosan-ZnO composites. Composites are synthesized from the matrix of Poly lactic acid by modifying Chitosan and Zinc oxide (ZnO) fillers. The purpose of this study was to look at the mechanical, thermal and morphological characteristics seen from the composite. Basically, the bond between PLA and CS is very weak, so to increase the strength of the bond by entering ZnO; thus advancing overall quality (mechanical, thermal and water absorption) of composites (PLA / CS / ZnO). The mechanical properties of composites are enhanced by the addition of ZnO NP into the PLA / CS matrix. However, the tensile strength, modulus, and breakout extension increased to 2wt% of ZnO NP loading but decreased when ZnO NP content increased by 3wt%. This is consistent with the dispersion of homogeneous ZnO particles in the PLA matrix. Combining ZnO particles increases PLA thermal stability. Thus, ZnO has been shown to have potential as an amplifier in biocomposite synthesis with better integrity, although other approaches, such as the use of compatibilizers in ZnO surface modification, will be needed to improve PLA properties simultaneously. The results obtained in this work can be used on environmentally friendly films

Application of micromechanical modelling for the evaluation of elastic moduli of hybrid woven jute–ramie reinforced unsaturated polyester composites

Woven laminated composite has gained researchers’ and industry’s interest over time due to its impressive mechanical performance compared to unidirectional composites. Nevertheless, the mechanical properties of the woven laminated composite are hard to predict. There are many micromechanical models based on unidirectional composite but limited to the woven laminated composite. The current research work was conducted to evaluate elastic moduli of hybrid jute–ramie woven reinforced unsaturated polyester composites using micromechanical effectiveness unidirectional models, such as ROM, IROM, Halpin–Tsai, and Hirsch, which are based on stiffness. The hybrid jute–ramie laminated composite was fabricated with different layering sizes, and the stacking sequence was completed via hand lay-up with the compression machine. Tensile modulus values for hybrid composites are between those for single jute and single ramie. Obtained p-values less than 0.05 prove the relationship between layering size and tensile modulus. This study showed that several micromechanical models, such as Halpin–Tsai’s predicted value of homogenized mechanical properties, were in good agreement with the experimental result. In the case of the hybrid composite, the micromechanical model deviates from the experimental result. Several modifications are required to improve the current existing model. A correlation function was calculated based on the differences between the elastic modulus values determined experimentally and those derived from each micromechanical model calculation