Endurance training facilitates myoglobin desaturation during muscle contraction in rat skeletal muscle.

At onset of muscle contraction, myoglobin (Mb) immediately releases its bound O2 to the mitochondria. Accordingly, intracellular O2 tension (PmbO2) markedly declines in order to increase muscle O2 uptake (mVO2). However, whether the change in PmbO2 during muscle contraction modulates mVO2 and whether the O2 release rate from Mb increases in endurance-trained muscles remain unclear. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to determine the effect of endurance training on O2 saturation of Mb (SmbO2) and PmbO2 kinetics during muscle contraction. Male Wistar rats were subjected to a 4-week swimming training (Tr group; 6 days per week, 30 min × 4 sets per day) with a weight load of 2% body mass. After the training period, deoxygenated Mb kinetics during muscle contraction were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy under hemoglobin-free medium perfusion. In the Tr group, the VmO2peak significantly increased by 32%. Although the PmbO2 during muscle contraction did not affect the increased mVO2 in endurance-trained muscle, the O2 release rate from Mb increased because of the increased Mb concentration and faster decremental rate in SmbO2 at the maximal twitch tension. These results suggest that the Mb dynamics during muscle contraction are contributing factors to faster VO2 kinetics in endurance-trained muscle

The Molecular Mechanism Underlying Continuous Exercise Training-Induced Adaptive Changes of Lipolysis in White Adipose Cells

Physical exercise accelerates the mobilization of free fatty acids from white adipocytes to provide fuel for energy. This happens in several tissues and helps to regulate a whole-body state of metabolism. Under these conditions, the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol (TG) that is found in white adipocytes is known to be augmented via the activation of these lipolytic events, which is referred to as the “lipolytic cascade.” Indeed, evidence has shown that the lipolytic responses in white adipocytes are upregulated by continuous exercise training (ET) through the adaptive changes in molecules that constitute the lipolytic cascade. During the past few decades, many lipolysis-related molecules have been identified. Of note, the discovery of a new lipase, known as adipose triglyceride lipase, has redefined the existing concepts of the hormone-sensitive lipase-dependent hydrolysis of TG in white adipocytes. This review outlines the alterations in the lipolytic molecules of white adipocytes that result from ET, which includes the molecular regulation of TG lipases through the lipolytic cascade

The Effects of Exercise Training on Obesity-Induced Dysregulated Expression of Adipokines in White Adipose Tissue

Obesity is recognized as a risk factor for lifestyle-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. White adipose tissue (WAT) is not only a static storage site for energy; it is also a dynamic tissue that is actively involved in metabolic reactions and produces humoral factors, such as leptin and adiponectin, which are collectively referred to as adipokines. Additionally, because there is much evidence that obesity-induced inflammatory changes in WAT, which is caused by dysregulated expression of inflammation-related adipokines involving tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, contribute to the development of insulin resistance, WAT has attracted special attention as an organ that causes diabetes and other lifestyle-related diseases. Exercise training (TR) not only leads to a decrease in WAT mass but also attenuates obesity-induced dysregulated expression of the inflammation-related adipokines in WAT. Therefore, TR is widely used as a tool for preventing and improving lifestyle-related diseases. This review outlines the impact of TR on the expression and secretory response of adipokines in WAT

Strong-coupling theory of superconductivity in a degenerate Hubbard model

In order to discuss superconductivity in orbital degenerate systems, a microscopic Hamiltonian is introduced. Based on the degenerate model, a strong-coupling theory of superconductivity is developed within the fluctuation exchange (FLEX) approximation where spin and orbital fluctuations, spectra of electron, and superconducting gap function are self-consistently determined. Applying the FLEX approximation to the orbital degenerate model, it is shown that the $d_{x^2-y^2}$-wave superconducting phase is induced by increasing the orbital splitting energy which leads to the development and suppression of the spin and orbital fluctuations, respectively. It is proposed that the orbital splitting energy is a controlling parameter changing from the paramagnetic to the antiferromagnetic phase with the $d_{x^2-y^2}$-wave superconducting phase in between.Comment: 4 figures, submitted to PR

Deletion of H-ferritin in macrophages alleviates obesity and diabetes induced by high-fat diet in mice

Aims/hypothesis Iron accumulation affects obesity and diabetes, both of which are ameliorated by iron reduction. Ferritin, an iron storage protein, plays a crucial role in iron metabolism. H-ferritin exerts its cytoprotective action by reducing toxicity via its ferroxidase activity. We investigated the role of macrophage H-ferritin in obesity and diabetes. Methods Conditional macrophage-specific H-ferritin knockout (LysM-Cre FthKO) mice were used and divided into 4 groups; Wild-type (WT) and LysM-Cre FthKO mice with normal diet (ND), and WT and LysM-Cre Fth-KO mice with high-fat diet (HFD). Results Iron concentration reduced, and mRNA expression of ferroportin increased in macrophages from LysM-Cre FthKO mice. HFD-induced obesity was lower in LysM-Cre FthKO mice than in WT mice at 12 weeks (body weight (g); KO 34.6 ± 5.6 vs. WT 40.1 ± 5.2). mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines, infiltrated macrophages, and oxidative stress increased in the adipose tissue of WT mice with HFD, but was not elevated in LysM-Cre FthKO mice with HFD. However, WT mice with HFD had elevated iron concentration in adipose tissue and spleen, which was not observed in LysM-Cre FthKO mice with HFD (adipose (μmol Fe/g protein); KO 1496 ± 479 vs. WT 2316 ± 866, spleen (μmol Fe/g protein); KO 218 ± 54 vs. WT 334 ± 83). Moreover, HFD administration impaired both glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in WT mice, which was ameliorated in LysM-Cre FthKO mice. In addition, energy expenditure, mRNA expression of thermogenic genes, and body temperature were higher in KO mice with HFD than WT mice with HFD. In vitro experiments showed that iron content was reduced, and LPS-induced TNF-α mRNA upregulation was inhibited in a macrophage cell line transfected with Fth siRNA. Conclusions/interpretation Deletion of macrophage H-ferritin suppresses the inflammatory response by reducing intracellular iron levels, resulting in the prevention of HFD-induced obesity and diabetes. The findings from this study highlight macrophage iron levels as a potential therapeutic target for obesity and diabetes

Exercise Training Attenuates the Dysregulated Expression of Adipokines and Oxidative Stress in White Adipose Tissue

Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in white adipose tissue (WAT), which caused dysregulated expression of inflammation-related adipokines involving tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, contribute to the development of insulin resistance. Moreover, current literature reports state that WAT generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the enhanced production of ROS in obese WAT has been closely associated with the dysregulated expression of adipokines in WAT. Therefore, the reduction in excess WAT and oxidative stress that results from obesity is thought to be one of the important strategies in preventing and improving lifestyle-related diseases. Exercise training (TR) not only brings about a decrease in WAT mass but also attenuates obesity-induced dysregulated expression of the adipokines in WAT. Furthermore, some reports indicate that TR affects the generation of oxidative stress in WAT. This review outlines the impact of TR on the expression of inflammation-related adipokines and oxidative stress in WAT

Endurance training facilitates myoglobin desaturation during muscle contraction in rat skeletal muscle

At onset of muscle contraction, myoglobin (Mb) immediately releases its bound O2 to the mitochondria. Accordingly, intracellular O2 tension (PmbO2) markedly declines in order to increase muscle O2 uptake (mVO2). However, whether the change in PmbO2 during muscle contraction modulates mVO2 and whether the O2 release rate from Mb increases in endurance-trained muscles remain unclear. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to determine the effect of endurance training on O2 saturation of Mb (SmbO2) and PmbO2 kinetics during muscle contraction. Male Wistar rats were subjected to a 4-week swimming training (Tr group; 6 days per week, 30 min x 4 sets per day) with a weight load of 2% body mass. After the training period, deoxygenated Mb kinetics during muscle contraction were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy under hemoglobin-free medium perfusion. In the Tr group, the mVO2peak significantly increased by 32%. Although the PmbO2 during muscle contraction did not affect the increased mVO2 in endurance-trained muscle, the O2 release rate from Mb increased because of the increased Mb concentration and faster decremental rate in SmbO2 at the maximal twitch tension. These results suggest that the Mb dynamics during muscle contraction are contributing factors to faster VO2 kinetics in endurance-trained muscle. © 2015, Nature Publishing Group. All rights reserved

Anti-de Sitter no-hair, AdS/CFT and the brane-world

We study the asymptotic behavior of the bulk spacetimes with the negative cosmological constant in the context of the brane-world scenario. We show that, in Euclidean bulk, or in Lorentzian static bulk, some sequences of hypersurfaces with the positive Ricci scalar evolve to the warped geometries like the anti-de Sitter spacetime. Based on the AdS/CFT correspondence, we discuss that the positivity of the Ricci scalar is related to the stability of CFT on the brane. In addition, the brane-world is described from the holographic point of view. The asymptotic local structure of the conformal infinity is also investigated.Comment: 6 pages, minor changes, to appear in Phys. Rev.

"Relationship between Observed Winds and Cloud Velocities Determined from Pictures Obtained by ESSA III, ESSA V, and ATS I satellites," by Izawa, T. and Fujita, T. in Cospar Space Research IX, North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, p. 571-579, 1969.

Tetsuya Theodore Fujita (1920-1998) was born in Kitakyushu, Japan. After receiving his doctorate from Tokyo University in 1950, he began a career as an associate professor at the Kyushu Institute of Technology. In 1953, he began to teach at the University of Chicago, at which he served as a professor until his death in 1998. During his career, Ted Fujita researched meteorology, focusing on severe storms such as microbursts, tornadoes, and hurricanes. He pioneered new techniques for documenting severe storms, including aerial photography and the use of satellite images and film. He also created the Fujita Scale for assessing tornado strength based on a given storm's wind speed and the amount of damage it caused.The Dr. T. Theodore Fujita Collection contains published manuscripts, draft manuscripts, charts, graphs, maps, photographs, photographic negatives, slides, and miscellaneous other materials pertaining to his four decades of meteorological research. A complete set--over 200--reports from Satellite and Mesometeorology Research Project (SMRP) are present. This was his most significant project, documenting for the first time such phenomena as downbursts, multiple-vortex tornadoes, and other groundbreaking meteorological observations and discoveries. Publications, conference proceedings, and research materials from the SMRP, as well as from the National Severe Storms Project (NSSP) and JAWS (Joint Airport Weather Study), comprise the bulk of the collection.Exclusive of these projects is a geographically and chronologically diverse collection of newspapers documenting such events as 1974’s tornadic Superoutbreak, the F-5 Lubbock tornado of 1970, the large Joplin, Missouri tornado of 1973, and dozens of other incidents. Charts--both printed and hand-drawn with attendant graphs, hundreds of photographs, and a wide variety of other research material formats documenting these occurrences is also present.The audio/visual portion of the collection contains such items as the first full-motion satellite images of the Earth, the use of which he pioneered as a meteorological assessment and prediction technique. Audio cassettes and CDs, VHS tapes, 8mm and other sizes of film, and a handful of diskettes are a part of the audio/visual component as well.Access Restrictions: Open for Research.Box 18, Folder 36

"Formation and Structure of Equatorial Anticyclones Caused by Large-scale Cross Equatorial Flows Determined by ATS I," Photographs by Fujita, Tetsuyaa; Watanabe, Kazuo; and Izawa, Tatsuo; SMRP Research Paper Number 78, 1969.

Tetsuya Theodore Fujita (1920-1998) was born in Kitakyushu, Japan. After receiving his doctorate from Tokyo University in 1950, he began a career as an associate professor at the Kyushu Institute of Technology. In 1953, he began to teach at the University of Chicago, at which he served as a professor until his death in 1998. During his career, Ted Fujita researched meteorology, focusing on severe storms such as microbursts, tornadoes, and hurricanes. He pioneered new techniques for documenting severe storms, including aerial photography and the use of satellite images and film. He also created the Fujita Scale for assessing tornado strength based on a given storm's wind speed and the amount of damage it caused.The Dr. T. Theodore Fujita Collection contains published manuscripts, draft manuscripts, charts, graphs, maps, photographs, photographic negatives, slides, and miscellaneous other materials pertaining to his four decades of meteorological research. A complete set--over 200--reports from Satellite and Mesometeorology Research Project (SMRP) are present. This was his most significant project, documenting for the first time such phenomena as downbursts, multiple-vortex tornadoes, and other groundbreaking meteorological observations and discoveries. Publications, conference proceedings, and research materials from the SMRP, as well as from the National Severe Storms Project (NSSP) and JAWS (Joint Airport Weather Study), comprise the bulk of the collection.Exclusive of these projects is a geographically and chronologically diverse collection of newspapers documenting such events as 1974’s tornadic Superoutbreak, the F-5 Lubbock tornado of 1970, the large Joplin, Missouri tornado of 1973, and dozens of other incidents. Charts--both printed and hand-drawn with attendant graphs, hundreds of photographs, and a wide variety of other research material formats documenting these occurrences is also present.The audio/visual portion of the collection contains such items as the first full-motion satellite images of the Earth, the use of which he pioneered as a meteorological assessment and prediction technique. Audio cassettes and CDs, VHS tapes, 8mm and other sizes of film, and a handful of diskettes are a part of the audio/visual component as well.Access Restrictions: Open for Research.Box 13, Folder 14