Ensuring security the movement of foreign direct investment: Ukraine and the EU economic relations

It is well known that an important positive result of attracting foreign direct investment for the country's economy can be the receipt and subsequent distribution of more advanced production and management technologies. That is why the injection of foreign capital is necessary not only for direct financing but also for the general development of the invested country. The purpose of this article is to consider the theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of ensuring the level of security of investment attractiveness of the world's economies in the polystructural space of foreign direct investment and to highlight the aggregated factors of the investment attractiveness index that characterize the investment climate, investment activity and the state of economic development of the country. To determine the synergistic impact of foreign direct investment on the indicator of the country's investment attractiveness the methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison and mental modelling were used. As a result, it was found that the EU countries are one of the largest investors (the share 65-90% of all investments) in the polystructural space of international investment. It was concluded that in the context of deepening cooperation and realizing the unique capabilities of the states in shaping the global investment climate, it is necessary to ensure a high level of employment of the population by creating new jobs, updating the transfer and introducing the latest technologies, solving social problems at the general level; to carry out an investment modernization of the economy to increase the fixed assets of enterprises; to implement a more effective investment policy

POLYMER-ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE FOR FUEL CELLS BASED ON CROSS-LINKED POLYIMIDE AND PROTIC IONIC LIQUID

The aim of this research was to develop polymer-electrolyte membrane on the base of commercial polyimide Matrimid which has high proton conductivity at elevated temperatures above 100 °C. Hydrophobic ionic liquid 1-butylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BIM-TFSI) has been synthesized and used as proton conducting electrolyte. The electrical conductivity of the ionic liquid determined by electrochemical impedance method was found to have a value of 10–3 S/cm in the temperature range from 100 to 180 °С. The composite film based on Matrimid polyimide containing 70 wt % of protic ionic liquid has been prepared by casting from methylene chloride solution. Polyetheramine Jeffamine® D-2000 was used as a cross-linking agent for polyimide. According to mechanical and thermal analysis data, Matrimid/BIM-TFSI composite has tensile strength of 18 MPa and thermal degradation point of 306 °С. Electrophysical properties of polyimide film impregnated with ionic liquid was studied by two-probe technique at the frequencies of 0.1, 1.0 and 10 kHz by using immitance meter in the temperature range from 25 to 180 °С. The electrical conductivity was found to be 2.7∙10–4 S/cm at room temperature and reached the value of 1.5∙10–3 S/cm at 180 °С. Thus, in this work proton conducting membrane based on commercial polyimide has been obtained for the first time by simple method without additional sulfonation stage. Matrimid/BIM-TFSI composite membrane is promising for applications in fuel cells operating at elevated temperature without external humidification

Полімер-електролітна мембрана для паливних елементів на основі зшитого полііміду і протонної іонної рідини

The aim of this research was to develop polymer-electrolyte membrane on the base of commercial polyimide Matrimid which has high proton conductivity at elevated temperatures above 100 °C. Hydrophobic ionic liquid 1-butylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (BIM-TFSI) has been synthesized and used as proton conducting electrolyte. The electrical conductivity of the ionic liquid determined by electrochemical impedance method was found to have a value of 10–3 S/cm in the temperature range from 100 to 180 °С. The composite film based on Matrimid polyimide containing 70 wt % of protic ionic liquid has been prepared by casting from methylene chloride solution. Polyetheramine Jeffamine® D-2000 was used as a cross-linking agent for polyimide. According to mechanical and thermal analysis data, Matrimid/BIM-TFSI composite has tensile strength of 18 MPa and thermal degradation point of 306 °С. Electrophysical properties of polyimide film impregnated with ionic liquid was studied by two-probe technique at the frequencies of 0.1, 1.0 and 10 kHz by using immitance meter in the temperature range from 25 to 180 °С. The electrical conductivity was found to be 2.7∙10–4 S/cm at room temperature and reached the value of 1.5∙10–3 S/cm at 180 °С. Thus, in this work proton conducting membrane based on commercial polyimide has been obtained for the first time by simple method without additional sulfonation stage. Matrimid/BIM-TFSI composite membrane is promising for applications in fuel cells operating at elevated temperature without external humidification.Целью работы было получение полимер-электролитной мембраны на основе промышленного полиимида Matrimid с высоким уровнем протонной проводимости при температурах выше 100 °С. Синтезирована гидрофобная протонная ионная жидкость бис(трифторметилсульфонил)имид 1-бутилимидазолия (БИМ-ТФСИ), которая была использована в качестве протонпроводящего электролита. Удельная электропроводность ионной жидкости, измеренная методом электрохимического импеданса, имеет значение порядка 10–3 См/см в интервале температур 100–180 °С. Получена композитная пленка на основе полиимида Matrimid, содержащая 70 % ионной жидкости, поливом из раствора в метиленхлориде. Полиэфир Jeffamine® D-2000 использован в качестве сшивающего агента для полиимида. Согласно результатам механических и термических исследований, прочность на разрыв композита Matrimid/БИМ-ТФСИ составляет 18 мПа, а температура начала деструкции – 306 °С. Электрофизические свойства полиимидной пленки, насыщенной протонной ионной жидкостью, исследовали двухконтактным методом с помощью измерителя иммитанса на частотах 0.1, 1.0 и 10 кГц в температурном интервале 25–180 °С. Установлено, что удельная электропроводность материала составляет 2.7∙10–4 См/см при комнатной температуре, возрастая до величины 1.5∙10–3 См/см при 180 °С.  Таким образом, в данной работе впервые получена протонобменная мембрана на основе коммерческого полиимида технологически простым методом, без дополнительной стадии сульфирования полимера. Композитная мембрана Matrimid/БІМ-ТФСІ перспективна для использования в топливных элементах, которые эксплуатируются при температурах выше 100 °С при отсутствии увлажнения.Метою роботи було отримання полімер-електролітної мембрани на основі промислового полііміду Matrimid з високим рівнем протонної провідності при температурі вище 100 °С. Синтезовано гідрофобну іонну рідину біс(трифторметилсульфоніл)імід 1-бутилімідазолію (БІМ-ТФСІ), яку використано в якості протонпровідного електроліту. Питома електропровідність іонної рідини, визначена методом електрохімічного імпедансу, має значення порядку 10-3 См/см в інтервалі температур  100-180 °С. Отримано композитну плівку на основі полііміду Matrimid із вмістом протонної іонної рідини 70 % поливом з розчину в метиленхлориді. Поліетерамін Jeffamine® D-2000 використано в якості зшиваючого агенту для полііміду. Згідно з результатами механічних і термічних досліджень, міцність на розрив композиту Matrimid/БІМ-ЕФСІ становить 18 мПа, а температура початку деструкції – 306 °С. Електрофізичні властивості поліімідної плівки, насиченої протонною іонною рідиною, досліджували двоконтактним методом за допомогою вимірювача іммітансу на частотах 0.1, 1.0 і 10 кГц в температурному інтервалі 25-180 °С. Встановлено, що питома електропровідність матеріалу становить 2.7 ∙ 10-4 См/см при кімнатній температурі, досягаючи величини 1.5 ∙ 10-3 См/см при 180 °С. Таким чином, в даній роботі вперше отримано протонобмінну мембрану на основі комерційного полііміду технологічно простим методом, без додаткової стадії сульфування полімеру. Композитна мембрана Matrimid/БІМ-ТФСІ перспективна для використання в паливних елементах, які експлуатуються при підвищених температурах за відсутності зволоження.

Investment Attractiveness of the Economy of the World Countries in the Polystructural Space of Foreign Direct Investments

The article deals with the theoretical, methodological and practical aspects of ensuring a safety level the investment attractiveness of the world countries economy in the polystructural space of foreign direct investments. In the context of the implementation of investment policy and factors in the field of international investment, an optimization model of the investment attractiveness of the national economy has been developed. The aggregate factors of the investment attractiveness index, which characterize the investment climate, investment activity and the state of economic development of the country, are highlighted. A methodical approach is presented to determine the synergistic impact of foreign direct investment on the country's investment attractiveness indicator. The criteria of normalization of investment attractiveness of the economy of the country by indicators of macroeconomic, monetary and currency status, which are formalized by indicators-stimulators, destimulators and interaction of bilateral boundary constraints are proposed. The criteria of identification of risks and threats of safe and dangerous state of development of the economy of the countries by the methods of prognostic extrapolation of foreign direct investment are taken into account. A comparative assessment of global foreign direct investment flows and global GDP, the value of net sales of cross-border mergers and acquisitions was made. The structure of foreign direct investment by regions of the countries of the world is considered, taking into account their external reserves of investment potential. The indicators of investment attractiveness of the Ukrainian economy and its cooperation with EU countries in terms of the volume of inflow and direct investments are presented. The scenarios for the growth of foreign direct investments in the polystructural space of the world and developing countries are proposed