Privacy, Restriction, and Access: Legal and Ethical Dilemmas

This paper examines the intersection of privacy and access in archival repositories. Archival repositories are well known for containing restricted material, and for protecting the privacy of the donors. This literature review examines the need for restricted material from both legal and ethical standpoints, as well as discussing culturally sensitive materials while determining what archives and libraries can do to protect both themselves and their donors while enhancing accessibility and freedom of information

Size dependent tunneling and optical spectroscopy of CdSe quantum rods

Photoluminescence excitation spectroscopy and scanning tunneling spectroscopy are used to study the electronic states in CdSe quantum rods that manifest a transition from a zero dimensional to a one dimensional quantum confined structure. Both optical and tunneling spectra show that the level structure depends primarily on the rod diameter and not on length. With increasing diameter, the band-gap and the excited state level spacings shift to the red. The level structure was assigned using a multi-band effective-mass model, showing a similar dependence on rod dimensions.Comment: Accepted to PRL (nearly final version). 4 pages in revtex, 4 figure

Prediction of infrared light emission from pi-conjugated polymers: a diagrammatic exciton basis valence bond theory

There is currently a great need for solid state lasers that emit in the infrared, as this is the operating wavelength regime for applications in telecommunications. Existing $\pi$--conjugated polymers all emit in the visible or ultraviolet, and whether or not $\pi$--conjugated polymers that emit in the infrared can be designed is an interesting challenge. On the one hand, the excited state ordering in trans-polyacetylene, the $\pi$--conjugated polymer with relatively small optical gap, is not conducive to light emission because of electron-electron interaction effects. On the other hand, excited state ordering opposite to that in trans-polyacetylene is usually obtained by chemical modification that increases the effective bond-alternation, which in turn increases the optical gap. We develop a theory of electron correlation effects in a model $\pi$-conjugated polymer that is obtained by replacing the hydrogen atoms of trans-polyacetylene with transverse conjugated groups, and show that the effective on-site correlation in this system is smaller than the bare correlation in the unsubstituted system. An optical gap in the infrared as well as excited state ordering conducive to light emission is thereby predicted upon similar structural modifications.Comment: 15 pages, 15 figures, 1 tabl

Mesoscopic Cooperative Emission From a Disordered System

We study theoretically the cooperative light emission from a system of $N\gg 1$ classical oscillators confined within a volume with spatial scale, $L$, much smaller than the radiation wavelength, $\lambda_0=2\pi c/\omega_0$. We assume that the oscillators frequencies are randomly distributed around a central frequency, $\omega_0$, with some characteristic width, $\Omega\ll\omega_0$. In the absence of disorder, that is $\Omega=0$, the cooperative emission spectrum is composed of a narrow subradiant peak superimposed on a wide superradiant band. When $\Omega\neq 0$, we demonstrate that if $N$ is large enough, the subradiant peak is not simply broadened by the disorder but rather splits into a system of random narrow peaks. We estimate the spectral width of these peaks as a function of $N, L, \Omega$, and $\lambda_0$. We also estimate the amplitude of this mesoscopic structure in the emission spectrum.Comment: 25 pages including 6 figure

Comparing projections of future changes in runoff and water resources from hydrological and ecosystem models in ISI-MIP

Projections of future changes in runoff can have important implications for water resources and flooding. In this study, runoff projections from ISI-MIP (Inter-sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project) simulations forced with HadGEM2-ES bias-corrected climate data under the Representative Concentration Pathway 8.5 have been analysed. Projections of change from the baseline period (1981–2010) to the future (2070–2099) from a number of different ecosystems and hydrological models were studied. The differences between projections from the two types of model were looked at globally and regionally. Typically, across different regions the ecosystem models tended to project larger increases and smaller decreases in runoff than the hydrological models. However, the differences varied both regionally and seasonally. Sensitivity experiments were also used to investigate the contributions of varying CO2 and allowing vegetation distribution to evolve on projected changes in runoff. In two out of four models which had data available from CO2 sensitivity experiments, allowing CO2 to vary was found to increase runoff more than keeping CO2 constant, while in two models runoff decreased. This suggests more uncertainty in runoff responses to elevated CO2 than previously considered. As CO2 effects on evapotranspiration via stomatal conductance and leaf-area index are more commonly included in ecosystems models than in hydrological models, this may partially explain some of the difference between model types. Keeping the vegetation distribution static in JULES runs had much less effect on runoff projections than varying CO2, but this may be more pronounced if looked at over a longer timescale as vegetation changes may take longer to reach a new state

Multimodel projections and uncertainties of irrigation water demand under climate change

Crop irrigation is responsible for 70% of humanity's water demand. Since the late 1990s, the expansion of irrigated areas has been tapering off, and this trend is expected to continue in the future. Future irrigation water demand (IWD) is, however, subject to large uncertainties due to anticipated climate change. Here, we use a set of seven global hydrological models (GHMs) to quantify the impact of projected global climate change on IWD on currently irrigated areas by the end of this century, and to assess the resulting uncertainties arising from both the GHMs and climate projections. The resulting ensemble projections generally show an increasing trend in future IWD, but the increase varies substantially depending on the degree of global warming and associated regional precipitation changes. Under the highest greenhouse gas emission scenario (RCP8.5), IWD will considerably increase during the summer in the Northern Hemisphere (>20% by 2100), and the present peak IWD is projected to shift one month or more over regions where ≥80% of the global irrigated areas exist and 4 billion people currently live. Uncertainties arising from GHMs and global climate models (GCMs) are large, with GHM uncertainty dominating throughout the century and with GCM uncertainty substantially increasing from the midcentury, indicating the choice of GHM outweighing by far the uncertainty arising from the choice of GCM and associated emission scenario. Key Points: IWD will considerably increase during the summer in the Northern Hemisphere Peak demand is projected to shift over 80% of the present irrigated areas Global hydrological models dominate the uncertainty in projected IWD. © 2013. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved

Study on Growth Kinetics of CdSe Nanocrystals with a New Model

A model which involves both bulk diffusion process and surface reaction process has been developed for describing the growth behaviour of nanoparticles. When the model is employed, hypothesising that either of the processes alone dominates the overall growth process is unnecessary. Conversely, the relative magnitude of contributions from both processes could be obtained from the model. Using this model in our system, the growth process of CdSe QDs demonstrated two different growth stages. During the first stage, the growth of CdSe QDs was dominated by bulk diffusion, whereas, neither the bulk diffusion process nor the surface reaction process could be neglected during the later stage. At last, we successfully modelled the Ostwald ripening of CdSe QDs with LSW theories

Can we rate public support for democracy in a comparable way? Cross-national equivalence of democratic attitudes in the World Value Survey

In this study we examine the cross-cultural equivalence of two scales that measure attitudes toward democracy across 36 countries in the World Value Survey (WVS) 2000. We examine the equivalence of these scales in order to explore if we can meaningfully compare democratic attitudes across countries. Multiple group confirmatory factor analyses (MGCFA) is applied to answer this question. The analyses indicate that the scales may be compared but only to a certain extent and not across all the countries. We close this article by discussing the implications of the findings

Efficiency of radiative emission from thin films of a light-emitting conjugated polymer

J. A. E. Wasey, A. Safonov, I. D. W. Samuel, and William L. Barnes, Physical Review B, Vol. 64, article 205201 (2001). "Copyright © 2001 by the American Physical Society."We examine the efficiency of radiative emission from thin layers of light-emitting conjugated polymers. We compare our experimental results for photoluminescence of the conjugated polymer poly(2-methoxy, 5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy) 1,4 phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV) with those of a theoretical model, finding good agreement between the two. The specially developed model takes into account several factors including absorption in the emissive layer, a spread of emitter sites within the layer, and the broad emission spectrum of the polymer. We find that the photoluminescence quantum efficiency for radiative emission of a bare MEH-PPV film on a glass substrate is ∼25%. We then apply our model to study electroluminescent devices. We show that for these structures the efficiency of radiative emission is ∼10%. There is thus potential for considerable improvement in efficiency for both systems through recovery of some of the wasted waveguided light. Finally we use our model to reexamine some controversial results that indicate the probability of singlet exciton formation to be 0.4±0.05, and thus greater than the 0.25 expected from spin statistics. Our reanalysis supports a probability >0.25. We conclude by discussing the limitations of present models, including our own, in predicting the performance of realistic light-emitting diodes

Stellar s -process neutron capture cross sections on 78,80,84,86Kr determined via activation, atom trap trace analysis, and decay counting

We present a detailed account of neutron capture experiments of astrophysical relevance on 78,80,84,86Kr (n ,γ ) reactions at the border between weak and main s process. The experiments were performed with quasi-Maxwellian neutrons from the Liquid-Lithium Target (LiLiT) and the mA-proton beam at 1.93 MeV (2-3 kW) of the Soreq Applied Research Accelerator Facility (SARAF). The setup yields high-intensity ≈40 keV quasi-Maxwellian neutrons (3-5 ×1010 n /s) closely reproducing the conditions of s -process stellar nucleosynthesis. A sample of 100 mg of atmospheric, pre-nuclear-age Kr gas contained in a Ti spherical shell was activated in the LiLiT neutron field. The abundances of long-lived Kr isotopes (81,85 gKr) were measured by atom counting via atom trap trace analysis (ATTA) at Argonne National Laboratory and low-level counting (LLC) at University of Bern. This work is the first measurement of a nuclear cross section using atom counting via ATTA. The activities of short-lived Kr isotopes (79,85 m,87Kr) were measured by γ -decay counting with a high-purity germanium detector. Maxwellian-averaged cross sections for s -process thermal energies are extracted. By comparison to reference values, our nucleosynthesis network calculations show that the experimental cross sections have a strong impact on calculated abundances of krypton and neighboring nuclides, in some cases improving agreement between theory and observations. </SUP