Interaksi Masyarakat Keturunan Arab dengan Masyarakat Setempat di Pekalongan

Dalam penelitian ini penulis mengeksplorasi interaksi antara masyarakat keturunan Arab dengan masyarakat setempat di Kelurahan Klego Kota Pekalongan serta mengetahui faktor pendorong dan penghambat terjadinya interaksi antara masyarakat keturunan Arab dengan masyarakat setempat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui metode wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terjadi interaksi antara masyarakat keturunan Arab dengan masyarakat setempat dengan intensitas dan kegiatan kebudayaan tertentu. Faktor pendukung terjadinya interaksi adalah adanya perkawinan campuran, terutama pada masyarakat keturunan Arab non-sayyid, dengan masyarakat setempat serta adanya kerjasama dalam bidang perdagangan. Sedangkan faktor penghambat terjadinya proses interaksi adalah adanya prasangka dan stereotip pada masyarakat keturunan Arab yang merasa masyarakat setempat kurang Islami, sebaliknya masyarakat setempat merasa masyarakat keturunan Arab itu sombong. Keturunan Arab yang tinggal di Kelurahan Klego terdiri dari golongan sayyid dan golongan non-sayyid. Keturunan Arab dari golongan non-sayyid sudah dapat berbaur dengan masyarakat setempat sedangkan keturunan Arab dari golongan sayyid belum berbaur dengan masyarakat non-Arab. Masyarakat keturunan Arab memiliki simbol-simbol seperti bahasa, pakaian, bangunan yang sangat mempengaruhi interaksi antara masyarakat keturunan Arab dengan masyarakat setempat. In this study, the author explores the interaction between people of Arab descent and the local people in the village of Klego Pekalongan city and also the factors that drive and inhibit the interaction between them. This study uses qualitative methods. The technique of collecting data are interviews, observation, and documentation. The results show that there is a pattern of interaction between people of Arab descent with the local people. Factors supporting the occurrence of interactions are the presence of mixed marriages, especially in the Arab non-sayyid descent, with the local community as well as the cooperation in the field of trade. While the factors inhibiting the interaction process is the existence of prejudice and stereotypes of people of Arab descent at a local community as less Islami. On the other hand, the local people feel that people of Arab descent are exclusive. The Arab descent living in the Village Klego consists of groups and classes of non-sayyid and sayyid. Arab descent from the class of non-sayyid are able to mingle with the local people, whereas Arab descent of sayyid cannot mingle with non-Arab communities. Society of Arab descent has symbols such as language, clothing, and building that strongly influence the interaction of people of Arab descent with the local community

Virulence factor candidates in the <i>N</i>. <i>seriolae</i> UTF1 by comparison with the virulence genes data set of <i>N</i>. <i>farcinica</i>.

<p>Virulence factor candidates in the <i>N</i>. <i>seriolae</i> UTF1 by comparison with the virulence genes data set of <i>N</i>. <i>farcinica</i>.</p

Potential antibiotic resistance genes of <i>N</i>. <i>seriolae</i> UTF1 according to the Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database (ARDB).

<p>Potential antibiotic resistance genes of <i>N</i>. <i>seriolae</i> UTF1 according to the Antibiotic Resistance Genes Database (ARDB).</p

Functional classification of unique genes of <i>N</i>. <i>seriolae</i> UTF1 by KEGG modules.

<p>Functional classification of unique genes of <i>N</i>. <i>seriolae</i> UTF1 by KEGG modules.</p

The organization of 8 <i>mce</i> operons in <i>N</i>. <i>seriolae</i> UTF1 genome.

<p>The figure was generated using Easyfig 2.1 [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0173198#pone.0173198.ref029" target="_blank">29</a>]. Arrows represent <i>yrbE</i> genes, <i>mce</i> genes and two additional genes, DDE (endonuclease DDE) and <i>orf3406</i> (hypothetical protein) in <i>mce3</i>. Values indicate the number of base positions. Asterisks (<i>mce6</i>* and <i>mce7</i>*) indicate reverse complement orientation.</p

Comparison of COG distribution of <i>N</i>. <i>seriolae</i> UTF1 and the other four <i>Nocardia</i> genomes.

<p>COG definitions are described as follows: A, RNA processing and modification; B, Chromatin structure and dynamics; C, Energy production and conversion; D, Cell cycle control, cell division, chromosome partitioning; E, Amino acid transport and metabolism; F, Nucleotide transport and metabolism; G, Carbohydrate transport and metabolism; H, Coenzyme transport and metabolism; I, Lipid transport and metabolism; J, Translation, ribosomal structure and biogenesis; K, Transcription; L, Replication, recombination and repair; M, Cell wall/membrane/envelope biogenesis; N, Cell motility; O, Posttranslational modification, protein turnover, chaperones; P, Inorganic ion transport and metabolism; Q, Secondary metabolites biosynthesis, transport and catabolism; R, General function prediction only; S, Function unknown; T, Signal transduction mechanisms; U, Intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport; V, Defense mechanisms; W, Extracellular structures; X, Mobilome: prophages, transposons; Y, Nuclear structure; Z, Cytoskeleton. ‘Uk’ indicate unknown (unassigned genes). The number of ORFs with each COG category are listed in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0173198#pone.0173198.s009" target="_blank">S4 Table</a>.</p

Functional profiling of the five <i>Nocardia</i> complete genomes.

<p>Heat map shows the abundance of the top 50 subsystems [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0173198#pone.0173198.ref036" target="_blank">36</a>, <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0173198#pone.0173198.ref037" target="_blank">37</a>] enriched in the five <i>Nocardia</i> genomes. The color scale indicates the abundance of gene content for each category.</p

Comparison of genomic features of <i>N</i>. <i>seriolae</i> UTF1 and the other four <i>Nacardia</i> spp. complete genomes.

<p>Comparison of genomic features of <i>N</i>. <i>seriolae</i> UTF1 and the other four <i>Nacardia</i> spp. complete genomes.</p

Average nucleotide identity (ANI, upper grids) and average amino acid identity (AAI, lower grids) values (in percent) calculated between <i>Nocardia</i> genomes.

<p>Average nucleotide identity (ANI, upper grids) and average amino acid identity (AAI, lower grids) values (in percent) calculated between <i>Nocardia</i> genomes.</p

Comparative genomic map of <i>N</i>. <i>seriolae</i> UTF1 genome and the other four <i>Nocardia</i> complete genomes.

<p>The BLASTN-based ring image was generated by BLAST Ring Image Generator (BRIG) version 0.95 [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0173198#pone.0173198.ref032" target="_blank">32</a>]. The innermost two rings show GC content (black) and GC skew (purple/green). The remaining rings (rings 3–6) represent a BLASTN comparison with complete genome of <i>N</i>. <i>farcinica</i> IFM 10152 (magenta), <i>N</i>. <i>brasiliensis</i> HUJEG-1(cyan), <i>N</i>. <i>cyriacigeorgica</i> GUH-2 (blue) and <i>N</i>. <i>nova</i> SH22a (pale blue). Bars indicate the position of mobile-element related genes in the <i>N</i>. <i>seriolae</i> UTF1 genome such as transposases (black), endonuclease DDE (blue) and integrase (green). The outermost red boxes highlight the 8 <i>mce</i> operons found in the <i>N</i>. <i>seriolae</i> UTF1 genome.</p