CNS Infiltration of Peripheral Immune Cells: D-Day for Neurodegenerative Disease?

While the central nervous system (CNS) was once thought to be excluded from surveillance by immune cells, a concept known as “immune privilege,” it is now clear that immune responses do occur in the CNS—giving rise to the field of neuroimmunology. These CNS immune responses can be driven by endogenous (glial) and/or exogenous (peripheral leukocyte) sources and can serve either productive or pathological roles. Recent evidence from mouse models supports the notion that infiltration of peripheral monocytes/macrophages limits progression of Alzheimer's disease pathology and militates against West Nile virus encephalitis. In addition, infiltrating T lymphocytes may help spare neuronal loss in models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. On the other hand, CNS leukocyte penetration drives experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (a mouse model for the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis) and may also be pathological in both Parkinson's disease and human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis. A critical understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for trafficking of immune cells from the periphery into the diseased CNS will be key to target these cells for therapeutic intervention in neurodegenerative diseases, thereby allowing neuroregenerative processes to ensue

pydantic/pydantic: v2.5.2 2023-11-22

<h2>v2.5.2 (2023-11-22)</h2> <p><a href="https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/releases/tag/v2.5.2">GitHub release</a></p> <h3>What's Changed</h3> <h4>Packaging</h4> <ul> <li>uprev <code>pydantic-core</code> to 2.14.5</li> </ul> <h4>New Features</h4> <ul> <li>Add <code>ConfigDict.ser_json_inf_nan</code> by @davidhewitt in <a href="https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/8159">#8159</a></li> </ul> <h4>Fixes</h4> <ul> <li>Fix validation of <code>Literal</code> from JSON keys when used as <code>dict</code> key by @sydney-runkle in <a href="https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/pull/1075">pydantic/pydantic-core#1075</a></li> <li>Fix bug re <code>custom_init</code> on members of <code>Union</code> by @sydney-runkle in <a href="https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/pull/1076">pydantic/pydantic-core#1076</a></li> <li>Fix <code>JsonValue</code> <code>bool</code> serialization by @sydney-runkle in <a href="https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/8159">#8190</a></li> <li>Fix handling of unhashable inputs with <code>Literal</code> in <code>Union</code>s by @sydney-runkle in <a href="https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic-core/pull/1089">pydantic/pydantic-core#1089</a></li> </ul> <p>https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/compare/v2.5.1...v2.5.2/</p&gt

pydantic/pydantic: v2.5.1 2023-11-15

<h2>v2.5.1 (2023-11-15)</h2> <p><a href="https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/releases/tag/v2.5.1">GitHub release</a></p> <h3>What's Changed</h3> <h4>Packaging</h4> <ul> <li>uprev pydantic-core to 2.14.3 by @samuelcolvin in <a href="https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/8120">#8120</a></li> </ul> <h4>Fixes</h4> <ul> <li>Fix package description limit by @dmontagu in <a href="https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/8097">#8097</a></li> <li>Fix <code>ValidateCallWrapper</code> error when creating a model which has a @validate_call wrapped field annotation by @sydney-runkle in <a href="https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/pull/8110">#8110</a></li> </ul> <p>Full Changelog: https://github.com/pydantic/pydantic/compare/v2.5.0...v2.5.1/</p&gt