Encyclopedia of Television Pilots 1937-2012

Ensiklopedi ini merupakan karya referensi yang memuat panduan tentang film-film televisi yang pernah ditayangkan maupun yang belum. Isinya berupa 5.190 program film televisi yang disusun secara alfabetis yang masing-masing memuat alur cerita, daftar pemeran dan pemain, produser, genre dan jaringan atau asosiasinya. Contoh film seri yang pernah ditayangkan adalah 90 Bristol Court, Hazel, The Middle and Perfect Strangers dan film yang tidak ditayangkan yaitu Robinsons: Lost In Space, versi 1997 dari Hawaii Five-o, Wonder Woman 2011 dan Electra Woman 2001 dan Dyna Girl

Positional Inference in Rhesus Macaques

Understanding how organisms make transitive inferences is critical to understanding their general ability to learn serial relationships. In this context, transitive inference (TI) can be understood as a specific heuristic that applies broadly to many different serial learning tasks, which have been the focus of hundreds of studies involving dozens of species. In the present study, monkeys learned the order of 7-item lists of photographic stimuli by trial and error, and were then tested on “derived” lists. These derived lists combined stimuli from multiple training lists in ambiguous ways. We found that subjects displayed strong preferences when presented with novel test pairs. These preferences were helpful when test pairs had an ordering congruent with their ranks during training, but yielded consistently below-chance performance when pairs had an incongruent order relative to training. This behavior can be explained by the joint contributions of transitive inference and another heuristic that we refer to as “positional inference.” Positional inferences play a complementary role to transitive inferences in facilitating choices between novel pairs of stimuli. The theoretical framework that best explains both transitive and positional inferences is a spatial model that represents both the position and uncertainty of each stimulus. A computational implementation of this framework yields accurate predictions about both correct responses and errors for derived lists

Transitive inference after minimal training in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Rhesus macaques, trained for several hundred trials on adjacent items in an ordered list (e.g. A>B, B>C, C>D, etc.), are able to make accurate transitive inferences (TI) about previously untrained pairs (e.g. A>C, B>D, etc.). How that learning unfolds during training, however, is not well understood. We sought to measure the relationship between the amount of training and the resulting response accuracy in four rhesus macaques, including the absolute minimal case of seeing each of the six adjacent pairs only once prior to testing. We also ran conditions with 24 and 114 trials. In general, learning effects were small, but they varied in proportion to the square root of the amount of training. These results suggest that subjects learned serial order in an incremental fashion. Thus, rather than performing transitive inference by a logical process, serial learning in rhesus macaques proceeds in a manner more akin to a statistical inference, with an initial uncertainty about list position that becomes gradually more accurate as evidence accumulates

Transitive Inference in a Clinical Childhood Sample

Background: Transitive inference has a long history of study in developmental contexts. However, trial-and-error transitive inference learning (in which participants infer item relations, rather than evaluate them explicitly from verbal descriptions) has been the subject of minimal study in childhood samples with reported clinical diagnoses. Methods: Children aged 8 to 10 underwent a battery of clinical assessments and received a range of diagnoses, potentially including autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), anxiety disorders (AD), specific learning disorders (SLD), and/or communication disorders (CD). Participants also performed a simple trial-and-error learning task that tested for transitive inference. Response accuracy and reaction time were assessed in a statistical model that controlled for diagnostic comorbidity at the group level. Results: Participants in all diagnostic categories showed evidence of transitive inference, and thus succeeded at the task. However, a model comparison analysis suggested that those diagnosed with ASD succeeded in a qualitatively different way, responding more slowly to each choice and improving faster across trials than their non-ASD counterparts. Additionally, transitive inference performance was not associated with IQ. Overall, our data suggest that superficially similar performance levels between ASD and non-ASD participants may have resulted from a difference in the speed-accuracy tradeoff made by each group. Conclusions: This provides a preliminary profile of the impact of various clinical diagnoses on TI performance in young children. Of these, an ASD diagnosis resulted in the largest difference in task strategy

Response Data And Analytic Script For Categorical TI Experiment

Raw data for two monkeys performing a categorical transitive inference task, as well as the R script used to analyze the data

Distance effect parameter in a categorical transitive inference task (revised)

Whiskers represent 99% credible intervals for the estimates, while shaded intervals represent 80% credible intervals. <b>Left. </b>Session-by-session of the “distance effect on trial zero” parameter in the logistic regression analysis of performance during all-pairs sessions, averaged across subjects. Since parameters are measured in log-odds units, no distance effect at transfer would correspond to a parameter value of 0.0. <b>Right.</b> Proportion of correct responses for the critical test pair BD on its first presentation. “Trials only” estimates are based only on the first two BD presentations in each phase. “BD model fit” estimates are based on the intercept of a logistic regression of response accuracy that uses only BD trials. “Full model fit” estimates predict BD accuracy using all trials and their symbolic distances. Performance above chance indicates that transitive inference has occurred

Time-series analysis of transitive inference performance using changing categorical stimuli

Time series analysis of task performance, divided by symbolic distance, averaged across subjects. All sessions presented adjacent pairs (black), but only all-pairs sessions included symbolic distance of 2 (red), 3 (blue), and 4 (green). Discontinuities correspond to gaps between sessions. Shaded regions represent the 99% credible interval of the estimate

Reaction time analysis in categorical transitive inference task

Session-by-session of the intercept parameter (gamma0 in equation 3, in black) and “distance effect on trial zero” parameter (gammaD in equation 3, in white) in the regression analysis of log reaction time, averaged across subjects. Values of gammaD near zero indicate no differential effect on reaction time as a function of symbolic distance. Whiskers represent 99% credible intervals for the estimates, while shaded intervals represent 80% credible intervals