Looking for mechanisms regulating lung growth in CDH: rat and human studies

Tese de Doutoramento em Ciências da SaúdeLung development is a complex process that involves a coordinated orchestration of several signalling pathways and mechanisms in order to growth normally. Pulmonary hypoplasia emerges as a result of foetal abnormal lung development and consequently it leads to high rates of morbidity and mortality. The understanding of normal and abnormal foetal lung growth has became clinical relevant because it can offer new perspectives in the treatment of lung diseases. Regardless the recent advances in the knowledge of lung development, there are still a lot of mechanisms that need to be elucidated and investigated. The main aim of this PhD dissertation was to investigate new physiological regulators of foetal lung growth in order to find a prenatal therapy to revert foetal lung hypoplasia in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) context. Moreover, two already well-known and studied signalling pathways (retinoic acid and neuroendocrine factors) were further investigated and an important link between them was discovered/established. Using molecular/histological techniques and gain-loss of function studies with nitrofen rat model and human samples we tried to achieve our goals. In this PhD thesis, it was demonstrated that ephrins B1, -B2 and eph B4 receptor were expressed during all foetal lung developmental stages. Moreover ephrin B1 and eph B4 receptor mainly presented mesenchymal expressions whereas ephrin B2 presented an epithelial expression. Ephrin B1 and –B2 administration contributed to increase foetal lung branching, but the observed increase has not significant biological meaning. Another interesting finding was the importance of microRNAs in human CDH. MicroRNA 10a and microRNA 200b are up-regulated in CDH human lungs when compared to normal lungs and they are also changed in the tracheal fluid of CDH babies that respond or did not respond to FETO. In FETO responders, after removing the plug, tracheal fluid presented higher expression of miR-10a and miR-200 family when compared to non-responders. Moreover, in responders the expression of those microRNAs increased significantly after removing the plug when compared to the expression observed at the moment of plug insertion. In line with the second aim mentioned above, we decided to look into two already known and apparently unrelated signalling pathways and discover a link between them because both of them are altered in CDH (retinoic acid was down-regulated and neuroendocrine factors were up-regulated). We found that neuroendocrine factors act as regulators of lung growth, sensitizing the lungs to the action of retinoic acid through RAR α and RAR γ up-regulation. To conclude, in this thesis, we showed that ephrins seem to be strong candidates to act as morphogens or being involved in vascular regulation instead of being a promisor mechanism to regulate lung growth. Additionally, we discovered that microRNAs are an important tool as a prognostic biomarker for CDH new-borns outcome. Moreover, we established a novel physiological link showing that neuroendocrine factors and retinoic acid signalling pathways interact with each other during foetal lung growth regulation. With this work, new insights into normal and abnormal foetal lung development were brought, discovering novel mechanisms to further explore as potential therapeutic targets into CDH field.O desenvolvimento pulmonar é um processo complexo que envolve a combinação e funcionamento coordenados de várias vias e mecanismos de sinalização, a fim do crescimento pulmonar normal. A hipoplasia pulmonar surge como resultado do desenvolvimento anormal do pulmão fetal estando associada a elevadas taxas de morbilidade e mortalidade. A compreensão do crescimento do pulmão fetal normal e anormal, tornou-se clinicamente relevante pelo facto de poder oferecer novas perspetivas no tratamento de doenças pulmonares. Independentemente dos recentes avanços no conhecimento do desenvolvimento pulmonar, ainda há muito que é preciso fazer, ser elucidado e investigado. O objetivo principal desta dissertação de doutoramento foi investigar novos reguladores fisiológicos de crescimento do pulmão fetal, a fim de encontrar uma terapia pré-natal para reverter a hipoplasia pulmonar fetal no contexto da Hérnia Diafragmática Congénita (HDC). Por outro lado, foi descoberto e estabelecido um elo de ligação entre duas vias de sinalização (via do ácido retinóico e fatores neuroendócrinos) já bem conhecidas e estudadas como sendo importantes ao longo do desenvolvimento pulmonar fetal. Foram utilizadas técnicas moleculares/histológicas e estudos de ganho-perda de função com o modelo do nitrofeno em rato e com amostras humanas. Nesta tese de doutoramento, foi demonstrado que as efrinas B1,-B2 e o recetor eph B4 são expressos durante todas as fases de desenvolvimento pulmonar fetal. Além disso, a efrina B1 e o recetor eph B4 expressaram-se essencialmente no mesenquima enquanto que a efrina B2 apresentou ter uma expressão epitelial. A administração de efrina B1 e –B2 em culturas de explantes pulmonares, contribuiu para aumentar a ramificação pulmonar fetal, embora o aumento observado não tenha significado biológico relevante. Outro achado interessante ao longo deste trabalho de Doutoramento, foi a importância dos microRNAs na fisiopatologia da HDC em humanos. O microRNA 10a e o microRNA 200b estão aumentados em pulmões humanos com HDC quando comparados com pulmões normais e a sua expressão está também alterada no fluido traqueal em crianças que sobrevivem ou morrem à oclusão fetal da traqueia (FETO). Nos pacientes que sobrevivem depois do FETO, após se remover o balão da traqueia, o fluido traqueal apresentou uma maior expressão de miR-10a e da família do miR-200 quando comparados com os não sobreviventes. Por outro lado, nos sobreviventes, a expressão desses microRNAs aumentou significativamente após a remoção do balão quando comparada com a expressão observada no momento da inserção do balão na traqueia. Em linha com o segundo objetivo acima mencionado, decidimos revesitar duas vias de sinalização já conhecidas e aparentemente não relacionadas, e descobrir uma ligação entre elas, pelo facto de ambas estarem alteradas na HDC (défice de ácido retinóico e aumento dos fatores neuroendócrinos nomeadamente da bombesina e da grelina). Descobrimos que os fatores neuroendócrinos atuam como reguladores do crescimento pulmonar, sensibilizando os pulmões para a ação do ácido retinóico através do aumento da expressão dos seus recetores (RAR α e RAR γ). Para concluir, nesta tese, mostramos que as efrinas parecem ser fortes candidatos para atuar como morfogéneos ou como fatores importantes na regulação vascular ao invés de serem um mecanismo importante de regulação do crescimento pulmonar. Por outro lado, descobrimos que os microRNAs são uma ferramenta importante que poderá vir a ser utilizada como um biomarcador de prognóstico em crianças com HDC. Adicionalmente, estabelecemos uma nova ligação fisiológica mostrando que os fatores neuroendócrinos e a via de sinalização do ácido retinóico interagem entre elas durante a regulação do crescimento fetal pulmonar. Com este trabalho, hipotetizámos novas abordagens sobre o desenvolvimento/regulação do pulmão fetal normal e anormal, descobrindo-se novos mecanismos para continuar a explorar como potenciais alvos terapêuticos para o tratamento da HDC

Unique tracheal fluid microRNA signature predicts response to FETO in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia

"Epub ahead of print 2015 Jan 5"OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND: Our objective was to determine the fetal in vivo microRNA signature in hypoplastic lungs of human fetuses with severe isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and changes in tracheal and amniotic fluid of fetuses undergoing fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO) to reverse severe lung hypoplasia due to CDH. METHODS:: We profiled microRNA expression in prenatal human lungs by microarray analysis. We then validated this signature with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction in tracheal and amniotic fluid of CDH patients undergoing FETO. We further explored the role of miR-200b using semiquantitative in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry for TGF-ß2 in postnatal lung sections. We investigated miR-200b effects on TGF-ß signaling using a SMAD-luciferase reporter assay and Western blotting for phospho-SMAD2/3 and ZEB-2 in cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells. RESULTS:: CDH lungs display an increased expression of 2 microRNAs: miR-200b and miR-10a as compared to control lungs. Fetuses undergoing FETO display increased miR-200 expression in their tracheal fluid at the time of balloon removal. Future survivors of FETO display significantly higher miR-200 expression than those with a limited response. miR-200b was expressed in bronchial epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells. TGF-ß2 expression was lower in CDH lungs. miR-200b inhibited TGF-ß-induced SMAD signaling in cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells. CONCLUSIONS:: Human fetal hypoplastic CDH lungs have a specific miR-200/miR-10a signature. Survival after FETO is associated with increased miR-200 family expression. miR-200b overexpression in CDH lungs results in decreased TGF-ß/SMAD signaling

ATLANTIC EPIPHYTES: a data set of vascular and non-vascular epiphyte plants and lichens from the Atlantic Forest

Epiphytes are hyper-diverse and one of the frequently undervalued life forms in plant surveys and biodiversity inventories. Epiphytes of the Atlantic Forest, one of the most endangered ecosystems in the world, have high endemism and radiated recently in the Pliocene. We aimed to (1) compile an extensive Atlantic Forest data set on vascular, non-vascular plants (including hemiepiphytes), and lichen epiphyte species occurrence and abundance; (2) describe the epiphyte distribution in the Atlantic Forest, in order to indicate future sampling efforts. Our work presents the first epiphyte data set with information on abundance and occurrence of epiphyte phorophyte species. All data compiled here come from three main sources provided by the authors: published sources (comprising peer-reviewed articles, books, and theses), unpublished data, and herbarium data. We compiled a data set composed of 2,095 species, from 89,270 holo/hemiepiphyte records, in the Atlantic Forest of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, recorded from 1824 to early 2018. Most of the records were from qualitative data (occurrence only, 88%), well distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. For quantitative records, the most common sampling method was individual trees (71%), followed by plot sampling (19%), and transect sampling (10%). Angiosperms (81%) were the most frequently registered group, and Bromeliaceae and Orchidaceae were the families with the greatest number of records (27,272 and 21,945, respectively). Ferns and Lycophytes presented fewer records than Angiosperms, and Polypodiaceae were the most recorded family, and more concentrated in the Southern and Southeastern regions. Data on non-vascular plants and lichens were scarce, with a few disjunct records concentrated in the Northeastern region of the Atlantic Forest. For all non-vascular plant records, Lejeuneaceae, a family of liverworts, was the most recorded family. We hope that our effort to organize scattered epiphyte data help advance the knowledge of epiphyte ecology, as well as our understanding of macroecological and biogeographical patterns in the Atlantic Forest. No copyright restrictions are associated with the data set. Please cite this Ecology Data Paper if the data are used in publication and teaching events. © 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of Americ

EGCG prevents the loss of pontine noradrenergic neurons induced by diabetes: a role in diabetic neuropathic pain

[Extract] Diabetes is a major health problem with an alarming increasing prevalence, and is the most frequent cause of neuropathy worldwide. Neuropathy affects 50-60% of diabetic patients, being a major life-quality impairment for a quarter of these patients(undefined

Prenatal microRNA miR-200b Therapy Improves Nitrofen-induced Pulmonary Hypoplasia Associated With Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Epub ahead of printWe aimed to evaluate the use of miR-200b as a prenatal transplacental therapy in the nitrofen rat model of abnormal lung development and congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH).Background:Pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) and pulmonary hypertension determine mortality and morbidity in CDH babies. There is no safe medical prenatal treatment available. We previously discovered that higher miR-200b is associated with better survival in CDH babies. Here, we investigate the role of miR-200b in the nitrofen rat model of PH and CDH and evaluate its use as an in vivo prenatal therapy.Methods:We profiled miR-200b expression during nitrofen-induced PH using RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization in the nitrofen rat model of PH and CDH. The effects of nitrofen on downstream miR-200b targets were studied in bronchial lung epithelial cells using a SMAD luciferase assay, Western blotting and Immunohistochemistry. We evaluated miR-200b as a lung growth promoting therapy ex vivo and in vivo using lung explant culture and transplacental prenatal therapy in the nitrofen rat model.Results:We show that late lung hypoplasia in CDH is associated with (compensatory) upregulation of miR-200b in less hypoplastic lungs. Increasing miR-200b abundance with mimics early after nitrofen treatment decreases SMAD-driven TGF-β signaling and rescues lung hypoplasia both in vitro and in vivo. Also, prenatal miR-200b therapy decreases the observed incidence of CDH.Conclusions:Our data indicate that miR-200b improves PH and decreases the incidence of CDH. Future studies will further exploit this newly discovered prenatal therapy for lung hypoplasia and CDH.Objective: We aimed to evaluate the use of miR-200b as a prenatal transplacental therapy in the nitrofen rat model of abnormal lung development and congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Background: Pulmonary hypoplasia (PH) and pulmonary hypertension determine mortality and morbidity in CDH babies. There is no safe medical prenatal treatment available. We previously discovered that higher miR-200b is associated with better survival in CDH babies. Here, we investigate the role of miR-200b in the nitrofen rat model of PH and CDH and evaluate its use as an in vivo prenatal therapy. Methods: We profiled miR-200b expression during nitrofen-induced PH using RT-qPCR and in situ hybridization in the nitrofen rat model of PH and CDH. The effects of nitrofen on downstream miR-200b targets were studied in bronchial lung epithelial cells using a SMAD luciferase assay, Western blotting and Immunohistochemistry. We evaluated miR-200b as a lung growth promoting therapy ex vivo and in vivo using lung explant culture and transplacental prenatal therapy in the nitrofen rat model. Results: We show that late lung hypoplasia in CDH is associated with (compensatory) upregulation of miR-200b in less hypoplastic lungs. Increasing miR-200b abundance with mimics early after nitrofen treatment decreases SMAD-driven TGF-β signaling and rescues lung hypoplasia both in vitro and in vivo. Also, prenatal miR-200b therapy decreases the observed incidence of CDH. Conclusions: Our data indicate that miR-200b improves PH and decreases the incidence of CDH. Future studies will further exploit this newly discovered prenatal therapy for lung hypoplasia and CDHCCHCSP -Manitoba Lung Association(undefined)info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

Growing knowledge: an overview of Seed Plant diversity in Brazil

Abstract An updated inventory of Brazilian seed plants is presented and offers important insights into the country's biodiversity. This work started in 2010, with the publication of the Plants and Fungi Catalogue, and has been updated since by more than 430 specialists working online. Brazil is home to 32,086 native Angiosperms and 23 native Gymnosperms, showing an increase of 3% in its species richness in relation to 2010. The Amazon Rainforest is the richest Brazilian biome for Gymnosperms, while the Atlantic Rainforest is the richest one for Angiosperms. There was a considerable increment in the number of species and endemism rates for biomes, except for the Amazon that showed a decrease of 2.5% of recorded endemics. However, well over half of Brazillian seed plant species (57.4%) is endemic to this territory. The proportion of life-forms varies among different biomes: trees are more expressive in the Amazon and Atlantic Rainforest biomes while herbs predominate in the Pampa, and lianas are more expressive in the Amazon, Atlantic Rainforest, and Pantanal. This compilation serves not only to quantify Brazilian biodiversity, but also to highlight areas where there information is lacking and to provide a framework for the challenge faced in conserving Brazil's unique and diverse flora