Some stackelberg type location game

AbstractThis paper considers a Stackelberg type location game over the unit square [0,1] × [0,1]. There are two chain stores, Players I and II, which sell the same kind of articles. Each store is planning to open a branch in region [0,1]. The purpose of each store is to decide the location to open its branch. In such a situation, the demand points, i.e., the customers, distribute continuously over [0,1] in accordance with cdf G(·). Each customer wants to buy at a closer store between them, but never moves more than a distance ℓ. We also assume that Player I is forced to behave as the leader of this game and the opponent (Player II) is to be the follower. It is shown that there are various types of Stackelberg equilibriums according to the conditions of G(·) and ℓ

Influence of the Host Cultivar on Disease and Viral Accumulation Dynamics in Tomato under Mixed Infection with Potato virus X and Tomato mosaic virus

The primary leaves of seedlings of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivar Fukuju No. 2 (a common Japanese cultivar that is susceptible to Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV, genus Tobamovirus) were inoculated at the five-true leaf stage with the O strain of Potato virus X (PVX, genus Potexvirus) and with a mixture of that strain plus Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV, genus Tobamovirus). Inoculation resulted in varying degrees of disease manifestation. During the acute stage of the resulting severe disease (between 5 and 12 days postinoculation), PVX and ToMV levels rose considerably in both the inoculated and the systematically infected leaves. Furthermore, levels of PVX in the systemically infected upper leaves (positions 5 to 7) of plants with a mixed infection were three to six times as high as in plants given the single infection, as determined by direct double antibody sandwich-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA). In tomato cv. GCR 236 (+/+), symptom manifestation and the accumulation of both PVX and ToMV closely followed the pattern recorded for cv. Fukuju No. 2. In cv. GCR 237 (Tm-1) plants, however, only PVX accumulated while ToMV whether inoculated singly or mixed with PVX was detected neither in the inoculated nor in the systemically infected leaves even 14 days after inoculation. In contrast to other cultivars, SDS-PAGE, Western blot and Northern blot hybridization did not reveal any enhancement of the coat protein and genomic RNA of PVX in such systemically infected leaves. Consequently, the characteristic severe symptoms normally associated with mixed infection in TMV-susceptible cultivars were absent

Rashba spin-orbit interaction in a Mg_xZn_(1−x)O/ZnO two-dimensional electron gas studied by electrically detected electron spin resonance

We report the experimental determination of Rashba spin-orbit interaction (SOI) strength in two-dimensional electrons in a MgZnO/ZnO heterostructure using electrically detected electron spin resonance. The Rashba parameter is determined to be 7.0 × 10⁻¹⁴ eV m, which is the second smallest value among prevalent semiconductor heterostructures, following Si/SiGe. A long transverse spin relaxation time was derived to show a maximum value of 27 ns, owing to weak SOI. Our study demonstrates that the ZnO heterostructure is a promising candidate for spintronic devices utilizing long spin coherence

Heavy metal contamination of soil and sediment in Zambia

Heavy metal pollution is one of the most important problems in Zambia and causes serious effects to humans and animals. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the spatial distribution of heavy metals in main areas of Zambia and understand the characteristics of the pollution in each area. River and lake sediments and soil samples were collected from a large area of Zambia and analyzed for ten heavy metals (Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb, Sr and Hg). The results indicate that heavy metal pollution in Zambia has strong regional differences. Using cluster analysis, the patterns of heavy metal pollution were divided into three major clusters: (1) Kabwe, (2) Copperbelt and (3) Lusaka and other areas. Heavy metals in the Copperbelt area are transported to downstream areas by the Kafue River. Pollution was also detected in national parks, and Lake Itezhi-tezhi has been polluted with high concentrations of Cu, possibly from mining activities in the upper reaches of the river. However, areas geographically distant from mining beds had only moderate or low heavy metal concentrations, although the concentrations of Pb and Zn were highly correlated with the populations of each town. Our findings indicate that heavy metal pollution in Zambia is still increasing, due to human activities, especially mining.Key words: Heavy metal, contamination, mining, soil, sediment