Norwegian investments in specialised shipping : an exploration of the formative period, 1960-1977

In the 1970s and 1980s, as world shipping was in crisis, some Norwegian companies coped relatively well on the basis of participation in specialised segments, for instance car transports, gas, cruise and chemical shipping. Yet, the engagement in these niches was a recent phenomenon. Around 1960 none of these market segments had been clearly defined, and the Norwegian investments in specialised vessels were very limited. The aim of the paper is to quantify the degree of specialisation in the Norwegian fleet and increase our knowledge of the companies participating in these niches. Initially, the criteria that define the ‘niche operators’ in 1977 are discussed and the companies in question are identified. Two aspects of the companies owning such vessels – size and geographical location – will be analysed

The Bergen Wave and the Media, 1990-2008

Music scenes have frequently been closely related to geographical locations; Merseybeat and Liverpool; Motown, techno and Detroit; and grunge and Seattle. In Norway, the term ‘the Bergen wave’ characterizes periods where specific artists from Bergen have been particularly prominent. The term emerged in the beginning of the 1990s, but resurfaced – linked to a new generation of artists – around ten years later. This working paper has two main aims. The first is to investigate to what extent a specific phenomenon within music, such as the Bergen wave, is evident through chart and critical success. The data shows that while the second Bergen wave was characterized by both high sales and critical acclaim, the first wave was primarily a media phenomenon, with critical acclaim but limited commercial success. The second aim is to analyze the relationship between the main stakeholders and the scene, in particular the role of media in creating and promoting a local scene

Specialisation strategies in Norwegian shipping : a Vernon product cycle approach

One of the most important developments in the postwar shipping industry from the 1960s onwards has been the introduction of specialised ship types that have gained market shares in the transport of a large number of cargoes. The share of specialised tonnage in the Norwegian fleet increased from less than one per cent in 1960 to more than thirty per cent by 1987. This trend towards increased specialisation did not occur to the same extent in all maritime centres. Norwegian owners held a large share of the new ships, but even within Norway there were substantial differences. Specifically, a disproportionate share of the specialised Norwegian ships was owned by shipping companies in the city of Bergen. In 1977 Bergen companies owned around fourteen per cent of the aggregate Norwegian fleet, but almost half of the specialised tonnage. The Bergen presence was particularly strong in two segments; chemical tankers and open hatch bulk shipping. After the introduction of a theoretical framework and a presentation of the increasing degree of specialisation within Norwegian shipping, the paper looks more closely at the Bergen participation in the two segments mentioned above. Through closer studies of the companies involved it becomes evident that three factors – cooperation between individual companies, vertical integration and technological innovation – can explain the strategic shifts

A report on an Arts Administration internship at the Historic New Orleans Collection

My internship at the Historic New Orleans Collection was an rewarding learning experience in that I was responsible for writing The Historic New Orleans Collection, Disaster Preparedness Plan, 1997. I worked under the supervision of the Collections Manager, Priscilla Lawrence, and was given a desk in her office. My responsibilities focused on every aspect of developing and writing the plan

A report on an Arts Administration internship at the Historic New Orleans Collection

My internship at the Historic New Orleans Collection was an rewarding learning experience in that I was responsible for writing The Historic New Orleans Collection, Disaster Preparedness Plan, 1997. I worked under the supervision of the Collections Manager, Priscilla Lawrence, and was given a desk in her office. My responsibilities focused on every aspect of developing and writing the plan

Introduction

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