Evaluasi Gempa Daerah Sulawesi Utara Dengan Statistika Ekstrim Tipe – I

Provinsi Sulawesi Utara adalah salah satu daerah di Indonesia dengan resiko gempa cukup tinggi. Berdasarkan pemetaan wilayah gempa di Indonesia, daerah Sulawesi Utara berada pada Wilayah Gempa 5 dengan kisaran kekuatan gempa adalah 6-7 Skala Richter. Kondisi geologi di kawasan Sulawesi Utara berada pada zona subduksi sehingga berpeluang untuk terjadinya gempa dengan kekuatan magnitude skala 8.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperkirakan Magnitude gempa dalam kurun waktu 50 tahun kedepan yang dilakukan dengan studi statistik yakni statistika ekstrim berdasarkan data gempa 20 tahunan (1980-1999) kemudian akan disesuaikan dengan peta wilayah gempa di Sulawesi Utara.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada periode ulang 50 tahunan, Magnitude gempa adalah 6,97 Skala Richter.Kondisi wilayah gempa di Sulawesi Utara masih berada pada wilayah 5 sebagai rujukan dari penelitian ini. Dalam melakukan peninjauan ulang kondisi suatu wilayah gempa perlu pengkajian lainnya terhadap struktur geologi dan laju frekuensi gempa serta ketersediaan data gempa yang lebih banyak

Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Pohon Faloak (Sterculia SP.) terhadap Bakteri Staphylococcus Aureus

Faloak is a medicinal plant that grows in extreme conditions in the East Nusa Tenggara region. Faloak has benefits for herbal treatment wherein the content of saponin compounds, steroids and triterpenoids, flavonoids, and alkaloids found in the bark of the faloak tree serves for the treatment of various diseases caused by bacteria. The purpose of this research is to know the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of faloak bark (Sterculia sp.) On the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. Determination of antibacterial activity by a diffusion method using a cylinder, and see the existence of a clear zone around a cylinder. The results showed that the concentration of 22.5% w / v; 45% w / v; 75% w / v and 100% w / v were able to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with mean inhibitory zone diameter of 1.33 cm, 1.66 cm, 1.90 cm, 2.13 cm, the concentration of the inhibitory zone is greater so that the effective concentration inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria is 100% w / v

KUAT TEKAN BETON DENGAN BAHAN TAMBAH SERBUK KACA SEBAGAI SUBSTITUSI PARSIAL SEMEN

ABSTRAKTeknologi beton telah berkembang sejak ditemukannya beton prategang pada beberapa dekade lalu yang diikuti oleh berbagai penelitian untuk meningkatkan kinerja bahan bangunan. Penelitian tersebut dilakukan dengan memperhatikan pemilihan material pembentuk beton sampai pada substitusi material lainnya, dengan memperhatikan adanya limbah kaca baik yang berasal dari industri ataupun pembongkaran bangunan dan dari rumah tangga dalam jumlah besar, berkemungkinan dimanfaatkan sekaligus sebagai alternatif solusi permasalahan lingkungan yang dapat diakibatkan oleh limbah kaca. Serbuk kaca diharapkan berfungsi sebagai filler karena memiliki potensi sebagai material pozzolan. Perencanaan campuran beton menggunakan Metode ACI 211.1 – 91 yang dimodifikasi.Penelitian ini menggunakan kaca dengan variasi penggunaannya 0%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, dan 15% dengan kode secara berurutan sebagai berikut kaca – 0%, kaca – 6%, kaca – 8%, kaca – 10%, kaca – 12%, kaca – 15%. Pengujian dilakukan terhadap berat volume dengan menggunakan benda uji silinder 10/20 cm untuk umur 1 hari dan kuat tekan beton untuk umur 7, 14, dan 28 hari.Berat volume untuk semua variasi penggunaan serbuk kaca termasuk beton normal. Beton dengan nilai kuat tekan tertinggi dicapai pada komposisi serbuk kaca 10% sedangkan nilai kuat tekan terendah di dapat pada komposisi kaca 15%.Kata kunci : serbuk kaca, berat volume, kuat tekan, limbah kac

The Effect of Branched Chain Amino Acids and L-Ornithine L-Aspartate Combination as the Late Evening Snacks on Nutritional Status and Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy in Liver Cirrhosis

Background:Minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) in liver cirrhotic patients is critical manifestation of low grade hepatic encephalopaty (HE), is caused quality of life decrease and risk of deteriorating into distinct HE. The study was conducted to asses the effect of combination of branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and L-ornithine L-aspartate (LOLA), which was given late evening, on nutritional status and degree of HE.Method: This single-blind randomized study was conducted on liver cirrhotic outpatients in hepatology clinic of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital period June 2011-June 2012. The study subjects were divided into two groups, group of late evening snack (LS) and day snack (DS). Each group was supplemented with combination of milk of BCAAs and LOLA (3.7 g/serving). Evaluation based on history, physical examination, laboratory tests and critical flicker frequency (CFF) was performed one month after the intervention. Data were statistically analyzed with SPSS 15.Results: Thirty-two patients whose the inclusion criteria were divided into 16 subjects for each group, LS and DS. After one month of the intervention, the average level of prealbumin for DS group was increased statistically significant (p < 0.001), but not significant for LS group (p = 0.259). The increase of average body weight,mid-arm muscle circumference (MAMC) and CFF test result in both groups. There was no improvement on subject global assessment (SGA) score after one month intervention in both groups.Conclusion: This study proved that giving combination of BCAAs and LOLA may improve the condition of MHE, however for nutritional status can not be assessed

Papilla Vaters Tumor in Elderly: an Interdisciplinary Issue

Tumors of the papilla Vater are very rare. Papilla Vater's tumors are benign or Malignant tumors in the ampulla of Vater and periampullary region. Blockage of ampulla leads to the development of obstructive jaundice; intermittent cholangitis, epigastric discomfort and weight loss. Treatment possibilities include endoscopic ampulectomy, surgical transduodenal excision of tumors of the ampulla and pancreatoduodenectomy (PDE). Prognosis depends on histological typing of the tumor and their clinical stage. We report a case of papilla Vater's tumor in elderly with comorbidities based on literature review. A 68-year-old female patient was referred for evaluation of intra and extra hepatic bile duct dilatation noted on abdominal ultrasonography. She complained of intermittent epigastric and right upper abdominal pain, with yellowish skin for two months. The laboratory findings showed leukocytosis, hyperbilirubinemia, abnormal liver function test, and high Ca 19-9. An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) revealed a distal obstruction caused by papilla Vater's tumor. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) with contrast, revealed a dilated common bile duct and pancreatic duct. The histologic evaluation was highly suggestive for dysplasia. She is now on a schedule for a Whipple procedure. To make a true diagnosis and optimal treatment of papilla Vater's tumor is multimodal. By doing a comprehensive geriatric assessment, with a careful modality selection, a Whipple procedure can be performed in elderly (65 years) safely. The post operative morbidity and mortality depends on their multi morbidity. Surgical, endoscopic, or radiologic biliary decompression; relief of gastric outlet obstruction; and adequate pain control may improve the quality of life but do not affect overall survival rate. By building a great interdisciplinary teamwork, the quality of life increased as follows

RESPON EMPAT KELAPA HIBRIDA HARAPAN TERHADAP PENYAKIT BUSUK PUCUK DAN GUGUR BUAH

Response of four new coconut hybrids to bud rot and premature nutfull diseasesThe objective of Ihe experiment was to find out Ihe resistance of four new coconut hybrids GRA x DMT. GKB x DMT, GKN x DTE. GKB x DTE against bud rol and premature nutfall diseases due lo Phytophthora palmivora. The field observation on bud rot was conducted in coconut trial plots at Kima Atas experimental garden. Minahasa District, North Sulawesi Province for 4 years (1995-1998). The field trial was arranged in a randomized block design with 6 treatments (4 coconut hybrids. 2 control) and 60 replicates The experiment under laboratory condilion was conducted to know the artificial infection development of P palmivora on coconut nut The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments (4 coconut hybrids, 2 control) and 10 replicates. The result of the field observation showed that percentage of coconut infection by bud rot per cultivar were PB-121 (23.33%) as the highest and then followed by GKN x DTE (8.33%), KHINA-1 (5.0%) and GKB x DMT (3.33%) while cultivars of GKB x DTE and GRA x DMT unlil 4 years observation were not infected by bud rot In laboratory trial, Ihe growth rate of pathogen was very high on KHINA-1 (12.62 mm2/day). The growth rate of pathogen in GKB x DIE and GRA x DMT were slowest (8 9 mm'/day) while those in PB- 121, GKN x Dll and GKB x DMT were moderate (9-10.2 mm2/day)