Prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in beef feedlot of Borena cattle by using comparative intradermal skin test, Adama, Ethiopia

A cross-sectional study was carried out from August to November, 2015 among feedlot cattle in and around Adama export feedlot farms by using comparative intradermal tuberculin skin test to estimate the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis and to assess the associated risk factors. The individual animal prevalence with 4 mm cut-off point and with 2 mm cut-off point was 4.39% (95% CI: 2.59- 6.19) and 9.58% (95% CI: 6.99-12.16), respectively. In univariate logistic regression analysis, older animals (OR=7.11, 95% CI: 1.7-29.8), cattle from Yabello market (OR=5.66, 95% CI: 2.4-13.2) and cattle in feedlot 5 (OR=2.65, 95% CI: 1.03-6.8) were more likely to be tuberculin reactors than younger animals, cattle originated from Dubliqu market and those from feedlot I, respectively. In multivariable logistic regression, however, only feedlot farm difference showed a statistical significance difference among the groups with the OR=3.4 (95% CI: 1.2-9.5), while other factors were not statistically significant. In conclusion, the study revealed the occurrence of bovine tuberculosis in Adama export feedlot farms composed mainly of Borena cattle breeds which were established for export of fattened live beef cattle and hence, the findings of this study warrants the need to design a farm based control strategies at feedlot level and testing of animals during the purchase of the cattle at the market place of the animals.Keywords: Bovine tuberculosis, Comparative tuberculin testing, Feedlot farm, Prevalence, Risk facto

Factors Affecting Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting of Healthcare Professionals and Their Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice towards ADR Reporting in Nekemte Town, West Ethiopia

Background. Adverse drug reactions are global problems of major concern. Adverse drug reaction reporting helps the drug monitoring system to detect the unwanted effects of those drugs which are already in the market. Aims. To assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of health care professionals working in Nekemte town towards adverse drug reaction reporting. Methods and Materials. A cross-sectional study design was conducted on a total of 133 health care professionals by interview to assess their knowledge, attitude, and practice using structured questionnaire. Results. Of the total respondents, only 64 (48.2%), 56 (42.1%), and 13 (9.8%) health care professionals have correctly answered the knowledge, attitude, and practice assessment questions, respectively. Lack of awareness and knowledge on what, when, and to whom to report adverse drug reactions and lack of commitments of health care professionals were identified as the major discouraging factors against adverse drug reaction reporting. Conclusion. This study has revealed that the knowledge, attitude, and practice of the health care professionals working in Nekemte town towards spontaneous adverse drug reaction reporting were low that we would like to recommend the concerned bodies to strive on the improvement of the knowledge, attitude, and practice status of health care professionals

UTILIZATION OF LONG ACTING AND PERMANENT FAMILY PLANNING METHODS AMONG WOMENS VISITING FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC IN ARBA MINCH HOSPITAL.

Background: maternal health improvement is dependent on availability and utilizations of reproductive health services including family planning. Family planning is assumed to prevent 187 million unintended pregnancies and nearly 60 million unplanned births. This study aimed to assess the utilization of long acting family planning methods in Arba Minch Hospital. Methods: Health facility based cross-sectional was conducted in Arba Minch Town. The study included women of reproductive age who were visiting Arba Minch General hospital. Data was collected by interviewer administered questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS software version 20. Results: One hundred forty four (88.88%) of the respondents took FP methods during the study. From these women most 88(61.15%) of them took Depo-Provera. In this study utilization of long acting family planning methods was 22.9%.   The commonly used long acting methods were IUCD 5.55% and Implanon 17.3%. Conclusion and Recommendations: utilization of long acting family planning methods in the study area was low. Increasing the awareness and resolving the perception of clients on wrong assumption need to be corrected through health education. Key words: long acting methods, utilizations, reproductive health, Arba Minch, Ethiopia

Evaluation of the GenoType MTBDRplus assay for detection of rifampicin- and isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in central Ethiopia

AbstractObjective/Background: Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is growing globally and becoming a major challenge for national TB control programs. Therefore, rapid identification of MDR strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and monitoring their transmission could contribute significantly to the control of TB. The GenoType MTBDRplus assay has been recommended by the World Health Organization to identify rifampicin (RIF)- and isoniazid (INH)-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates. This study was carried out to evaluate the performance of the GenoType MTBDRplus assay for the detection of RIF- and INH-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates in central Ethiopia. Methods: A total of 279 M. tuberculosis strains isolated from active TB cases in central Ethiopia were evaluated for their drug sensitivity by the conventional drug-susceptibility test (DST) and compared with data derived from the GenoType MTBDRplus assay. The DST served as the gold standard for evaluating the GenoType MTBDRplus assay. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of the GenoType MTBDRplus assay for the detection of RIF-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates were 80.0% and 99.6%, respectively. Its sensitivity and specificity for the detection of INH-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates were 82.7% and 99.6%, respectively, whereas they were 75.0% and 100%, respectively, for the detection of MDR M. tuberculosis strains. The concordances of the GenoType MTBDRplus assay and the conventional DST for the detection of RIF and INH susceptibility were 80% (8/10) and 86.2% (25/29), respectively. Furthermore, the concordance of the two tests for the detection of MDR M. tuberculosis strains was 75%. Specific mutations were detected in 55.6% (5/9) of the RIF-resistant isolates, with the highest mutation rate (33.3%) for the rpoB gene (Codon S531L). For INH-resistant isolates, the highest mutation rate (88.8%) related to a katG mutation (Codon S315T1). Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that the GenoType MTBDRplus assay has high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of RIF and INH resistance. These preliminary data support the notion that the assay should be considered as an alternative to the DST for the characterization of MDR in M. tuberculosis isolates and the control of TB

Research site selection for SI-FMS initiative at Basona Worena woreda

Ethiopia is among the five implementors of this initiative and the implementing team composed of individuals from various CG centres based in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia has made visited to the agreed project sites in Ethiopia on 30 August 2022. In north Shewa, it was agreed that Basona Worena will be the implementing site of this initiative activities. On this day, SI – MFS initiative implementing team composed of researchers from Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT, ICARDA and ILRI has travelled to Debre Birhan area to select research site for integrated research efforts and technology aggregations. The objective of the site selection was to implement research interventions and improve the land, crop, and livestock productivity through sustainable intensification of the mixed farming system (SI-FMS) initiative. The team has discussed with Basona Worena Woreda of Agriculture and livestock offices to identify the specific project implementation kebele. After the purpose of the initiative was discussed site selection criteria was set to select the implementation kebele

Crop residues management and nutritional improvement practices

Crop residues are the second most important feed source for livestock next to grazing lands in the crop-livestock mixed production system in Ethiopia. However, their contribution to livestock feed in pastoral and agropastoral areas is insignificant. The major crop residues are cereals, namely, maize, teff, sorghum, wheat and barley, which account for more than 80% of the total acreage and production of the major food crops in the country. In the last three decades, crop residue production has sharply increased as farmers use more land to grow cereals and use improved technologies. However, the adoption of crop residues as feed for livestock to improve productivity is low because of its poor quality. It is known that crop residues are low in protein and energy content, and high in fibre

Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum Pfcrt and Pfmdr1 alleles in settings with different levels of Plasmodium vivax co-endemicity in Ethiopia.

Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax co-exist at different endemicity levels across Ethiopia. For over two decades Artemether-Lumefantrine (AL) is the first line treatment for uncomplicated P. falciparum, while chloroquine (CQ) is still used to treat P. vivax. It is currently unclear whether a shift from CQ to AL for P. falciparum treatment has implications for AL efficacy and results in a reversal of mutations in genes associated to CQ resistance, given the high co-endemicity of the two species and the continued availability of CQ for the treatment of P. vivax. This study thus assessed the prevalence of Pfcrt-K76T and Pfmdr1-N86Y point mutations in P. falciparum. 18S RNA gene based nested PCR confirmed P. falciparum samples (N?=?183) collected through community and health facility targeted cross-sectional surveys from settings with varying P. vivax and P. falciparum endemicity were used. The proportion of Plasmodium infections that were P. vivax was 62.2% in Adama, 41.4% in Babile, 30.0% in Benishangul-Gumuz to 6.9% in Gambella. The Pfcrt-76T mutant haplotype was observed more from samples with higher endemicity of P. vivax as being 98.4% (61/62), 100% (31/31), 65.2% (15/23) and 41.5% (22/53) in samples from Adama, Babile, Benishangul-Gumuz and Gambella, respectively. However, a relatively higher proportion of Pfmdr1-N86 allele (77.3-100%) were maintained in all sites. The observed high level of the mutant Pfcrt-76T allele in P. vivax co-endemic sites might require that utilization of CQ needs to be re-evaluated in settings co-endemic for the two species. A country-wide assessment is recommended to clarify the implication of the observed level of variation in drug resistance markers on the efficacy of AL-based treatment against uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria