Análise de expressão da metiltransferase SETD4 em leucemia linfoide aguda e sua relação com a leucemogênese

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, 2016.A leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) é a neoplasia com maior prevalência na infância. Melhorias muito expressivas no prognóstico da doença têm sido apresentadas nas últimas décadas, alcançando-se taxas de cura em torno de 90% em alguns casos. No entanto, a doença ainda apresenta mau prognóstico em pacientes adultos ou menores de um ano. A compreensão das neoplasias tem sido reinterpretada à luz do advento da epigenética como uma nova área do conhecimento. Constituindo um padrão de herança informacional que não depende de alterações na cadeia primária de DNA, a epigenética tem aberto o caminho para novas possibilidades de tratamento do câncer. As metiltransferases de lisina, em particular, têm estado em foco devido aos crescentes relatos de envolvimento na regulação da expressão de oncogenes ou genes supressores de tumor, bem como devido ao desenvolvimento de fármacos cujos alvos são estas mesmas enzimas. A família de metiltransferases SETD possui alguns membros que já foram descritos como tendo relacionamento com o câncer. No entanto, SETD4 ainda carece de mais profunda caracterização. Nesse sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever o perfil de transcrição de SETD4 em amostras clínicas de aspirado de medula óssea por meio de qPCR e verificar a sua relação com a leucemogênese por meio de análise de correlação com fatores clínicos e com a transcrição de outros genes. Também foi realizada uma análise exploratória de dados de expressão e transcrição disponíveis em bancos de bioinformática on-line. Foi verificado que SETD4 encontra-se com transcrição aumentada no grupo de amostras clínicas neoplásicas em relação às amostras não-neoplásicas de nossa coorte, exibindo aumento transcricional de cerca de 5.4 vezes. Durante o tratamento quimioterápico, os pacientes exibiram redução da transcrição da metiltransferase, revelando correlação com a queda no número de linfoblastos na medula óssea no 29° dia de indução quimioterápica. SETD4 teve sua transcrição fortemente correlacionada com a de duas outras metiltransferases: SETMAR e SMYD2. Foi detectada transcrição aumentada de SETD4 em dados obtidos por microarranjo e RNA-seq de outras neoplasias em plataformas disponíveis de dados públicos. Além disso, amplificações e deleções de número de cópias do gene parecem influenciar negativamente a sobrevida dos pacientes de leucemia mieloide aguda, e câncer de estômago, enquanto o nível aumentado de transcrição parece ter o mesmo efeito em LLA. Também verificamos que SETD4 apresenta mutações no domínio SET e Rubs-subs-bind que têm o potencial de impactar sua função enzimática. Juntos, estes resultados apontam para essa metiltransferase como uma enzima que pode ter um papel importante na leucemogênese e demais processos de carcinogênese, constituindo um atraente alvo terapêutico e farmacológico.Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most prevalent cancer in childhood. Very significant improvements in the prognosis of the disease have been made in recent decades, with cure rates being achieved around 90% in some cases. However, the disease still has poor prognosis in adult patients or children with less than one year. The understanding of cancer has been reinterpreted in the light of the advent of epigenetics as a new area of knowledge. Constituting a pattern of informational inheritance that does not depend on changes on primary chain of DNA, epigenetics has opened the way to new possibilities of cancer treatment. Lysine methyltransferases, in particular, have been in focus due to the increasing reports of its involvement in the regulation of oncogene or tumor suppressor gene expression, as well as to the development of drugs targeting those same proteins. The SETD methyltransferase family has some members who have been described as being related to cancer. Despite all these efforts, SETD4 still lacks deeper characterization. Therefore, this study aimed to describe SETD4 transcription profile in clinical samples of bone marrow aspirate by qPCR and to assess its relationship with leukemogenesis by means of correlation analysis with clinical factors and transcription of other genes during chemotherapy. An exploratory analysis of data available at online bioinformatics platforms was also performed. It was found that SETD4 transcription is upregulated in the neoplastic group of clinical samples relative to non-neoplastic samples, exhibiting an increase of approximately 5.4 times. During chemotherapy, patients exhibited reduced methyltransferase transcription, showing correlation with the decrease in the number of lymphoblasts in the bone marrow. SETD4 was highly correlated with the transcription of two other methyltransferases: SETMAR and SMYD2. Upregulated transcription of SETD4 was detected in data obtained by microarray and RNA-seq of other neoplasias in public data platforms. Moreover, gene copy number amplifications and deletions seems to have a negative influence on survival of acute myeloid leukemia and gastric cancer patients while upregulation of transcription in ALL seems to have the same effect. We also verified that SETD4 presents mutations in SET and Rubs-subs-bind domains that may have an impact on its enzymatic function. Together, these results point to this methyltransferase as an enzyme that may play a role in leukemogenesis and other carcinogenesis processes, constituting an attractive therapeutic and pharmacological target

Antitumor effect and toxicity of free rhodium (II) citrate and rhodium (II) citrate-loaded maghemite nanoparticles in mice bearing breast cancer

Background: Magnetic fluids containing superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles represent an attractive platform as nanocarriers in chemotherapy. Recently, we developed a formulation of maghemite nanoparticles coated with rhodium (II) citrate, which resulted in in vitro cytotoxicity enhanced up to 4.6 times when compared to free rhodium (II) citrate formulation on breast carcinoma cells. In this work, we evaluate the antitumor activity and toxicity induced by these formulations in Balb/c mice bearing orthotopic 4T1 breast carcinoma. Methods: Mice were evaluated with regard to the treatments’ toxicity through analyses of hemogram, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, iron, and creatinine; DNA fragmentation and cell cycle of bone marrow cells; and liver, kidney and lung histology. In addition, the antitumor activity of rhodium (II) citrate and maghemite nanoparticles coated with rhodium (II) citrate was verified by tumor volume reduction, histology and immunohistochemistry. Results: Regarding the treatments’ toxicity, no experimental groups had alterations in levels of serum ALT or creatinine, and this suggestion was corroborated by the histopathologic examination of liver and kidney of mice. Moreover, DNA fragmentation frequency of bone marrow cells was lower than 15% in all experimental groups. On the other hand, the complexes rhodium (II) citrate-functionalized maghemite and free rhodium (II) citrate led to a marked growth inhibition of tumor and decrease in CD31 and Ki-67 staining. Conclusions: In summary, we demonstrated that both rhodium (II) citrate and maghemite nanoparticles coated with rhodium (II) citrate formulations exhibited antitumor effects against 4T1 metastatic breast cancer cell line following intratumoral administration. This antitumor effect was followed by inhibition of both cell proliferation and microvascularization and by tumor tissue injury characterized as necrosis and fibrosis. Remarkably, this is the first published report demonstrating the therapeutic efficacy of maghemite nanoparticles coated with rhodium (II) citrate. This treatment prolonged the survival period of treated mice without inducing apparent systemic toxicity, which strengthens its use for future breast cancer therapeutic applications

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data