Effects of various factors on sleep disorders and quality of life in Parkinson's disease

In Parkinson's disease (PD), sleep disorders (SD) occur as a result of the neurochemical changes in sleep centres, neurodegenerative changes in dopaminergic neurons, and other factors. The most common SD include excessive daytime sleepiness, insomnia, restless legs syndrome and nocturia. The aim of the study was to compare quality of sleep, as a factor that greatly impacts quality of life (QoL), between PD patients and a control group and to further examine SD in the PD group with focus on incidence and SD types as well as on effects various factors (age, sex, PD characteristics, medication usage) have on these disorders. The study included 110 patients who met the criteria for the diagnosis of PD and 110 age-matched healthy controls. We used the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, PD Sleep Scale, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, PD QoL Questionnaire-8 and PD Questionnaire-39 (items 30 and 33). In the group with PD, we considered the duration of the disease, the stage of disease according to the Hoehn and Yahr scale, medications and their impact on the SD. The average duration of the disease was 6 years and the mean stage was 2.44. The result showed significant differences in the sleep quality between groups. In the PD group, SD differences were also found according to gender, duration of the disease and medication usage. The most common SD were fragmented sleep, insomnia and nocturia. To improve the QoL of PD patients, it is necessary to pay more attention to detecting and solving SD

Quantitative eeq analysis of depressive disorders (unipolar depression and depression in bipolar disorder)

Polisomnografske studije tijekom spavanja u depresiji su utvrdile promjene u arhitektonici spavanja (skraćena REM latencija, povećana REM gustoća). Elektroencefalografske (EEG) studije pokazale su kako 20 do 40 % depresivnih bolesnika ima promjene u EEG-u. Kvantitativne EEG (qEEG) studije depresije su malobrojne, rezultati su nekonzistentni, a međusobna usporedba različitih oblika depresije je rijetka. ----- Cilj ovoga istraživanja je analizirati qEEG parametre u depresivnih bolesnika, usporedbom dva entiteta: velika depresivna epizoda i depresivna faza u okviru bipolarnog afektivnog poremećaja (BAP). ----- Ispitanici U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 30 bolesnica s velikom depresivnom epizodom (unipolarna depresija) i 27 bolesnica s bipolarnim afektivnim poremećajem tip I, sada u depresivnoj fazi. ----- Metoda EEG je registriran nad Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, F7, F8, T3, T4, P3, P4, O1 i O2 regijama. Metodom Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) analizirano je 30 epoha (svaka po 4 sekunde), bez artefakata. Parametar „absolute spectral power“ (μV2) je izračunat za delta (0.5 – 4.0), teta (4.0 – 8.0), alfa (8.0 – 13.0) i beta (13.0 – 30.0) ritam. ----- Rezultati Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da se unipolarna depresija razlikuje od depresije u okviru BAP-a povećanjem svih promatranih aktivnosti, tako bolesnice s bipolarnim poremećajem pokazuju značajno povišenje „absolute spectral power“ za sve dijelove EEG spektre. Povišenje ovoga parametra vidljivo je za delta aktivnost nad frontalnim regijama, za theta aktivnost nad frontalnim, za alfa aktivnost nad frontalnim, parijetalnim i okcipitalnim regijama, a za beta aktivnost nad frontalnim i okcipitalnim regijama. Usporedba vrijednosti za pojedine dijelove EEG spektra nad obje polutke, pokazuje da skupina depresivnih bolesnica s BAP-om ima statistički značajno povećanje alfa aktivnosti nad desnom okcipitalnom regijom u odnosu na lijevu. U skupini bolesnica s unipolarnom depresijom javlja se povećanje beta aktivnosti nad desnom parijetalnom regijom. ----- Zaključak: Kvantitativni EEG parametri mogu biti potencijalni markeri u razlikovanju bolesnika s različitim oblicima depresije.Polysomnographic studies during the sleep in depression have determined changes in the sleep architectonics (shortened REM latency, increased REM density). Electroencephalographic (EEG) studies have shown that 20 to 40 % depressive patients have changes in EEG findings. Quantitative EEG (qEEG) studies of depression are deficient, results are nonconsistent, and mutual comparison of different types of depression is very rare. ----- The aim of this investigation was to analyse qEEG parameters in the depressive patients, comparing two entities: major depressive episode (MDE) and depressive phase in the bipolar affective disorder (BAD). ----- Patients 30 patients with MDE (unipolar depression) and 27 patients with BAD type I, now in the depressive phase, were included into the study. ----- Method EEG was performed over the Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, F7, F8, T3, T4, P3, P4, O1 and O2 regions. 30 epochs (4 seconds each), without artefacts, were analyzed with the Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) method. Parameter „absolute spectral power“ (μV2) was calculated for delta (0.5 – 4.0), theta (4.0 – 8.0), alpha (8.0 – 13.0) and beta (13.0 – 30.0) rhythm. ----- Results Compared to the depressive phase in BAD, MDE was found to have increased parameter „absolute spectral power“ for all parts of the EEG spectrum. This is notable in delta activity of frontal lobes, theta activity of frontal lobes, alpha activity of frontal, parietal and occipital lobes and beta activity of frontal and occipital lobes. When comparing interhemispheral differences, patients with BD show an increase in alpha activity of the right occipital region compared to the left. As for patients with MDE, an increase is noted in beta activity of the right parietal region compared to the left. ----- Conclusion qEEG parameters could be potential markers in the differentiation of patients with various forms of depression

Quantitative eeq analysis of depressive disorders (unipolar depression and depression in bipolar disorder)

Polisomnografske studije tijekom spavanja u depresiji su utvrdile promjene u arhitektonici spavanja (skraćena REM latencija, povećana REM gustoća). Elektroencefalografske (EEG) studije pokazale su kako 20 do 40 % depresivnih bolesnika ima promjene u EEG-u. Kvantitativne EEG (qEEG) studije depresije su malobrojne, rezultati su nekonzistentni, a međusobna usporedba različitih oblika depresije je rijetka. ----- Cilj ovoga istraživanja je analizirati qEEG parametre u depresivnih bolesnika, usporedbom dva entiteta: velika depresivna epizoda i depresivna faza u okviru bipolarnog afektivnog poremećaja (BAP). ----- Ispitanici U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 30 bolesnica s velikom depresivnom epizodom (unipolarna depresija) i 27 bolesnica s bipolarnim afektivnim poremećajem tip I, sada u depresivnoj fazi. ----- Metoda EEG je registriran nad Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, F7, F8, T3, T4, P3, P4, O1 i O2 regijama. Metodom Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) analizirano je 30 epoha (svaka po 4 sekunde), bez artefakata. Parametar „absolute spectral power“ (μV2) je izračunat za delta (0.5 – 4.0), teta (4.0 – 8.0), alfa (8.0 – 13.0) i beta (13.0 – 30.0) ritam. ----- Rezultati Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da se unipolarna depresija razlikuje od depresije u okviru BAP-a povećanjem svih promatranih aktivnosti, tako bolesnice s bipolarnim poremećajem pokazuju značajno povišenje „absolute spectral power“ za sve dijelove EEG spektre. Povišenje ovoga parametra vidljivo je za delta aktivnost nad frontalnim regijama, za theta aktivnost nad frontalnim, za alfa aktivnost nad frontalnim, parijetalnim i okcipitalnim regijama, a za beta aktivnost nad frontalnim i okcipitalnim regijama. Usporedba vrijednosti za pojedine dijelove EEG spektra nad obje polutke, pokazuje da skupina depresivnih bolesnica s BAP-om ima statistički značajno povećanje alfa aktivnosti nad desnom okcipitalnom regijom u odnosu na lijevu. U skupini bolesnica s unipolarnom depresijom javlja se povećanje beta aktivnosti nad desnom parijetalnom regijom. ----- Zaključak: Kvantitativni EEG parametri mogu biti potencijalni markeri u razlikovanju bolesnika s različitim oblicima depresije.Polysomnographic studies during the sleep in depression have determined changes in the sleep architectonics (shortened REM latency, increased REM density). Electroencephalographic (EEG) studies have shown that 20 to 40 % depressive patients have changes in EEG findings. Quantitative EEG (qEEG) studies of depression are deficient, results are nonconsistent, and mutual comparison of different types of depression is very rare. ----- The aim of this investigation was to analyse qEEG parameters in the depressive patients, comparing two entities: major depressive episode (MDE) and depressive phase in the bipolar affective disorder (BAD). ----- Patients 30 patients with MDE (unipolar depression) and 27 patients with BAD type I, now in the depressive phase, were included into the study. ----- Method EEG was performed over the Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, F7, F8, T3, T4, P3, P4, O1 and O2 regions. 30 epochs (4 seconds each), without artefacts, were analyzed with the Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) method. Parameter „absolute spectral power“ (μV2) was calculated for delta (0.5 – 4.0), theta (4.0 – 8.0), alpha (8.0 – 13.0) and beta (13.0 – 30.0) rhythm. ----- Results Compared to the depressive phase in BAD, MDE was found to have increased parameter „absolute spectral power“ for all parts of the EEG spectrum. This is notable in delta activity of frontal lobes, theta activity of frontal lobes, alpha activity of frontal, parietal and occipital lobes and beta activity of frontal and occipital lobes. When comparing interhemispheral differences, patients with BD show an increase in alpha activity of the right occipital region compared to the left. As for patients with MDE, an increase is noted in beta activity of the right parietal region compared to the left. ----- Conclusion qEEG parameters could be potential markers in the differentiation of patients with various forms of depression

Quantitative eeq analysis of depressive disorders (unipolar depression and depression in bipolar disorder)

Polisomnografske studije tijekom spavanja u depresiji su utvrdile promjene u arhitektonici spavanja (skraćena REM latencija, povećana REM gustoća). Elektroencefalografske (EEG) studije pokazale su kako 20 do 40 % depresivnih bolesnika ima promjene u EEG-u. Kvantitativne EEG (qEEG) studije depresije su malobrojne, rezultati su nekonzistentni, a međusobna usporedba različitih oblika depresije je rijetka. ----- Cilj ovoga istraživanja je analizirati qEEG parametre u depresivnih bolesnika, usporedbom dva entiteta: velika depresivna epizoda i depresivna faza u okviru bipolarnog afektivnog poremećaja (BAP). ----- Ispitanici U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 30 bolesnica s velikom depresivnom epizodom (unipolarna depresija) i 27 bolesnica s bipolarnim afektivnim poremećajem tip I, sada u depresivnoj fazi. ----- Metoda EEG je registriran nad Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, F7, F8, T3, T4, P3, P4, O1 i O2 regijama. Metodom Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) analizirano je 30 epoha (svaka po 4 sekunde), bez artefakata. Parametar „absolute spectral power“ (μV2) je izračunat za delta (0.5 – 4.0), teta (4.0 – 8.0), alfa (8.0 – 13.0) i beta (13.0 – 30.0) ritam. ----- Rezultati Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da se unipolarna depresija razlikuje od depresije u okviru BAP-a povećanjem svih promatranih aktivnosti, tako bolesnice s bipolarnim poremećajem pokazuju značajno povišenje „absolute spectral power“ za sve dijelove EEG spektre. Povišenje ovoga parametra vidljivo je za delta aktivnost nad frontalnim regijama, za theta aktivnost nad frontalnim, za alfa aktivnost nad frontalnim, parijetalnim i okcipitalnim regijama, a za beta aktivnost nad frontalnim i okcipitalnim regijama. Usporedba vrijednosti za pojedine dijelove EEG spektra nad obje polutke, pokazuje da skupina depresivnih bolesnica s BAP-om ima statistički značajno povećanje alfa aktivnosti nad desnom okcipitalnom regijom u odnosu na lijevu. U skupini bolesnica s unipolarnom depresijom javlja se povećanje beta aktivnosti nad desnom parijetalnom regijom. ----- Zaključak: Kvantitativni EEG parametri mogu biti potencijalni markeri u razlikovanju bolesnika s različitim oblicima depresije.Polysomnographic studies during the sleep in depression have determined changes in the sleep architectonics (shortened REM latency, increased REM density). Electroencephalographic (EEG) studies have shown that 20 to 40 % depressive patients have changes in EEG findings. Quantitative EEG (qEEG) studies of depression are deficient, results are nonconsistent, and mutual comparison of different types of depression is very rare. ----- The aim of this investigation was to analyse qEEG parameters in the depressive patients, comparing two entities: major depressive episode (MDE) and depressive phase in the bipolar affective disorder (BAD). ----- Patients 30 patients with MDE (unipolar depression) and 27 patients with BAD type I, now in the depressive phase, were included into the study. ----- Method EEG was performed over the Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, F7, F8, T3, T4, P3, P4, O1 and O2 regions. 30 epochs (4 seconds each), without artefacts, were analyzed with the Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) method. Parameter „absolute spectral power“ (μV2) was calculated for delta (0.5 – 4.0), theta (4.0 – 8.0), alpha (8.0 – 13.0) and beta (13.0 – 30.0) rhythm. ----- Results Compared to the depressive phase in BAD, MDE was found to have increased parameter „absolute spectral power“ for all parts of the EEG spectrum. This is notable in delta activity of frontal lobes, theta activity of frontal lobes, alpha activity of frontal, parietal and occipital lobes and beta activity of frontal and occipital lobes. When comparing interhemispheral differences, patients with BD show an increase in alpha activity of the right occipital region compared to the left. As for patients with MDE, an increase is noted in beta activity of the right parietal region compared to the left. ----- Conclusion qEEG parameters could be potential markers in the differentiation of patients with various forms of depression

QUANTITATIVE ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY IN SCHIZOPHRENIA AND DEPRESSION

Background: Standard (qualitative) electroencephalography (EEG) is routinely used in the diagnostic evaluation of psychiatric patients. Quantitative EEG (qEEG) findings differ between patients with schizophrenia, patients with depression, but results are not consistent. The aim of our study was to determine the differences in qEEG parameters between patients with schizophrenia, patients with depression, and healthy subjects. Subjects and methods: The study included 30 patients with schizophrenia, 33 patients with depression, and 30 healthy subjects. All study participants underwent standard EEG. Artifact-free 100-second epochs were selected from the recorded material and analyzed with Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) analysis. Results: The results are presented as absolute spectral power values (μV2) of delta, theta, alpha, and beta components of the EEG spectrum. EEGs were recorded from 12 locations including Fp1, Fp2, F3, F4, F7, F8, T3, T4, P3, P4, O1, and O2. In comparison with healthy subjects, patients with schizophrenia showed increased delta, theta, and beta activity and decreased alpha activity. Similar results were obtained in patients with depression, but in fewer regions. In patients with schizophrenia, delta power over Fp1, Fp2, F4, and F8 regions was increased in comparison with those in patients with depression. Interhemispheric asymmetry was found in patients with schizophrenia and healthy subjects, but not in patients with depression. Conclusion: The finding that patients with schizophrenia differed from patients with depression in delta power values could be potentially used in differential diagnosis between schizophrenia and depression. The role of qEEG in clinical differentiation between these two mental disorders may be especially important in cases of negative-symptom schizophrenia