BETONARME BİNA MALİYETLERİNİN ZEMİN SINIFI – KAT ADEDİ ve DÜZENSİZLİK ile DEĞİŞİMİ

Cost variations of structural systems of RC apartment buildings in Turkey are investigated. 4-8 storey residential buildings are designed by means of PROBİNA software due to Turkish Reinforced Concrete Building Standard (TS 500 -2000) and Seismic Code (ABYYHY-1997). First cost of RC structural system of each design case is calculated due to official Turkish Unit Prices. Then formal approximate (statistical) lump-sum unit cost values already given are also revised in according to these cost estimations. Buildings having some irregularities built on good-Z1 (or poor-Z4 soils) considering most severe seismic attacks are all dealt to compare their costs with each other. The cost of 4 storey regular RC structural system on good soil (subjected the higest seismic risk) is taken %100. Quite remarkable extra cost (up to %20) of RC structural system will be needed for only irregular and high (more than 7 storeys) buildings which are built on poor soils in the areas of the highest seismic risk. The big part of this extra spending comes from structural irregularities of quite high rise buildings and even this expenditure does not exceed % 5 of total cost of the building. If it is necessary this %20 ultimate extra cost of structural system can also be enterpolated and reduced for moderate risk situations or soil conditions, since the cost of similar buildings can be taken as %75 when there is no seismic risk..Bu parametrik çalışmada; 248 m2’lik tipik planı aynı ve her katında iki daire bulunan 4-8 katlı betonarme apartmanların maliyet değişimi incelenmektedir. Buna benzer yapılar, bugün betonarme yapı üretimimizin çok büyük bir kısmını oluşturmaktadır. Maliyet değişimini göstermek üzere, metrajlı karkas maliyeti çıkartılan bu tipik binaların, 1. derece deprem bölgesinde ya da depremsiz (5.) bölgede olduğu düşünülmüştür. Statik ve betonarme tasarımı yapılırken, hem herhangi bir düzensizliğin olmadığı, hem de A1 (burulma) düzensizliğinin bulunduğu haller, ayrı ayrı dikkate alınmıştır. Statik-betonarme tasarımları ve metrajları, Probina Orion 2000 (c10) yazılımı ile ve eşdeğer statik deprem yükü yöntemi ile yapılmıştır. Önce 4, 6 ve 8 katlı yapıların, dört farklı zemin (Z1-Z4) üzerinde inşasına ait statik-betonarme tasarımları yapılmıştır ve bunlara ait karkas (iskele, kalıp, beton ve çelik) inşaat metrajları çıkartılmıştır. Daha sonra Bayındırlık ve İskan Bakanlığı (2004)’nın birim fiyatları ile her bir yapının karkas sistem maliyeti hesaplanmıştır. Bina toplam maliyetleri ise, yine Bayındırlık Bakanlığının “2004 Yılı Yapı Yaklaşık Maliyetleri Cetveli”nden (III. Sınıf/B grubundan) doğrudan alınmıştır. Hesaplanan karkas maliyet farklarına göre, bu yaklaşık toplam maliyet değerleri, revize edilmiş ve böylece karşılaştırmalı m2’ye düşen karkas inşaat ve bina toplam maliyetleri bulunmuştur. 1. derece deprem bölgesindeki çok katlı, düzensiz ve Z4 zemindeki binalarda bile, karkas maliyeti en çok %20 kadar artmaktadır

Multi-Class Antibiotic Residue Screening of Chicken Muscle by LC-MS/MS

Bu çalışmada, tavuk eti örneklerinde florokinolon (n=10), tetrasiklin (n=4), makrolid (n=3),sülfonamid (n=7), penisilin (n=7), sefalosporin (n=3), amfenikol (n=2) ve trimetoprim (n=1)gruplarını içeren antibiyotik kalıntılarının (n=37) varlığı araştırıldı. Hatay, Adana, Gaziantep, Mersinve Osmaniye illerinde farklı yerel satış noktalarından toplanan örneklerde (göğüs eti, n=25) seçilenantibiyotiklerin konsantrasyon analizleri LC-MS/MS ile gerçekleştirildi. Çalışmada, test edilennumunelerde tespit edilebilir bir antibiyotik kalıntı konsantrasyonu saptanmadı. İlaveten, hayvansalgıdalardaki çoklu antibiyotik kalıntılarının belirlenmesinde LC-MS/MS yönteminin yararlılığı, bualandaki mevcut bilgileri destekleyici olarak gösterildi. Sonuç olarak, tavuk eti tüketiminin seçilenantibiyotik kalıntıları açısından halk sağlığı için herhangi bir risk oluşturmadığı söylenebilir.This study was conducted to investigate the occurrence of antibiotic residues (n=37) including fluoroquinolone (n=10), tetracycline (n=4), macrolide (n=3), sulphonamide (n=7), penicillin (n=7), cephalosporin (n=3), amphenicol (n=2) and trimethoprim (n=1) groups in chicken meat samples. Concentration of selected antibiotics in samples (breast meat, n=25), which were collected from different local markets in Hatay, Adana, Gaziantep, Mersin and Osmaniye provinces, were determined by LC-MS/MS. In the current study, no detectable concentration of antibiotic residues was found in the tested samples. In addition, the usefulness of LC-MS/MS method to identify multi antibiotic residues in foods of animal origin has been also proven to support the existing knowledge in this area. Finally, it is reasonable to assume that chicken meat consumption poses no risk for public health in terms of selected antibiotic residues

Covid-19 Vaccine Acceptance Among Parents: Are They Willing to Vaccinate Their Children?

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the willingness of parents to allow their children to receive a COVID-19 vaccine and the factors affecting the decision. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted as a prospective, cross-sectional and descriptive survey study. A survey consisting of questions about the COVID-19 vaccination was conducted with parents. Results: The study included 592 parents, 180 (30.4%) male, and the mean age was 34.14±7.42 years. There were 257 (43.4%) parents would vaccinate their children. A high level of education of parents (p=0.022), a high monthly income of the family (p=0.006), and male gender (p=0.002) were associated with high willingness to vaccinate their children. Two hundred twenty two parents stated that their decision may change depending on whether the vaccine is of domestic or foreign origin, and 215 (96.85%) of them stated that they would prefer domestic vaccines. The most frequent reasons for vaccine hesitancy or refusal to their children were: fear of possible side effects and it being a foreign vaccine. Conclusion: The hesitancy or refusal of parents to vaccinate their children with the COVID-19 vaccine is high. Public health authorities should inform the public about the importance of vaccination and domestic vaccine production should be encouraged

Forage yield and lodging traits in peas (Pisum sativum L.) with different leaf types

Two semi-leafless and four leafed pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes were evaluated for plant height, lodging scores, and forage yield in eight diverse locations with typical Mediterranean or Mediterranean-type climate in the 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 growing seasons. The genotypes used in this study were forage type with indeterminate growing habit. Significant differences among pea genotypes were found for all traits over years and locations. All interactions which related to G x E interaction showed significance (P>0.01) for all traits. The forage yield of the pea genotypes averaged 26605 kg ha(-1) and the highest yield was obtained from the leafed genotype Urunlu. Its forage yield reached to 35970 kg ha(-1) yield level at Samsun location

Genotype x nvironment interaction and stability analysis for dry matter and seed yield in field pea (Pisum sativum L.)

The objectives of this study were to evaluate dry matter (DM) yield and seed yield of six leafed and semi-leafless pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes, and to compare them for these traits. Evaluation of genotype x environment (G x E) interaction, stability and cluster analysis were also carried out at eight diverse locations with typical Mediterranean and Mediterranean-type climate during the 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 growing seasons. Significant differences were found among the pea genotypes for DM and seed yield on individual years and combined over years, and in all locations. All interactions which related to G x E interaction showed significance (P>0.001) for DM and seed yield. The highest yield (4789 kg ha(-1)) was obtained from the leafed genotype 'Urunlu'. However, stability analysis indicated that for DM yield, the leafed genotypes 'Golyazi' and 'Urunlu' should be grown in low yielding and high yielding environments, respectively. Cluster analysis, based on grouping locations, showed that P101 was the preferred variety in low yielding environments, and P98, in high yielding ones. It was suggested that the use of both stability and cluster analyses might give better results. Comparison of cluster and stability analyses showed that the stability analysis fails to recommend cultivars to different regions where yield potential showed significant differences. It seems, however, that cluster analysis could be a powerful tool to examine G x E interaction. If the number of environments was sufficient, a separate stability analysis could be run in each cluster

The role of communication for increasing organizational productivity: An explatory analisis of Bitlis Hizan National Education Division

Bu çalışmada, öncelikle örgütsel ve yönetsel verimlilik kavramları üzerinde kısaca durulmuş ve ardından örgütsel verimliliği doğrudan etkileyen örgütsel iletişim sistemi ana hatlarıyla ele alınmıştır. Daha sonra örgütsel iletişimi etkileyen faktörler irdelenmiş ve örgütsel iletişimi engelleyen unsurlar tespit edilmiştir. Örgütsel verimliliğin geliştirilmesi açısından bir zorunluluk olan iletişim etkinliğine ulaşmak için iletişim engellerinin nasıl aşılacağı konusu araştırılmış, iletişimin örgütsel işlerlik biçimleri sıralanmıştır. Örgütlerde doğal iletişimin kaçınılmaz olduğu vurgulandıktan sonra, yönetim görevlerinin yerine getirilmesinde iletişimin rolü açıklanmış ve çalışma son bulmuştur.In this study, first of all, organizational and managerial productivity concepts are mentioned shortly. And then, organisational communication system, the main factor which effects the organisational productivity, is explained. After that, the factors which effect and prevent organisational communication are explained. We learned that reaching to communication effectiveness is compulsory to improve organisational productivity. We defined the difficulties and solving methods of communications in organisations. At the end of the study the roles of communication in organisational and managerial functions are explained

Ege Denizi vahşi ve çiftlik balıklarının ağır metal düzeyleri ve insan sağlığı üzerine potansiyel risklerinin değerlendirilmesi

Bu çalışmada Ege Denizinden avlanan vahşi çipura (Sparus aurata), izmarit (Spicara maena), mercan (Pagellus erythrinus) ve çiftlik çipura (Sparus aurata) türlerinin Ag, Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb ve Zn düzeylerinin belirlenerek tüketimlerine bağlı olarak insan sağlığı risk değerlendirmesi yapılması amaçlandı. Toplam 40 adet balık toplandı ve metal düzeyleri ICP-OES ile belirlendi. Çalışmada balık türlerindeki metal düzeyleri Ag (Nd), Al (3.20-8.87), Co (0.01-0.01), Cr (0.02-0.51), Cu (0.96-1.28), Fe (0.23-4.30), Mn (0.15-0.39), Ni (0.130.22), Pb (0.00-0.10) ve Zn (6.18-7.30) (mg kg-1 y.a.) olarak belirlendi. Örneklerde Ag ve Cd'a rastlanmadı. Belirlenen ağır metal düzeyleri ulusal ve uluslararası yasal limitlerin altında bulundu. Ağır metallerin insan sağlığı üzerine olası risklerinin değerlendirilmesinde target hazard quotient (THQ) ve total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) metodu kullanıldı. THQ ve TTHQ değerleride 1'in altında bulundu ve insan sağlığı açısından herhangi bir risk oluşturmadığı sonucuna varıldı.The aim of this study was to determine the levels of Ag, Al, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in wild seabream (Sparus aurata), blotched picarel (Spicara maena), pandora (Pagellus erythrinus) fished from the Aegean Sea and the farmed seabream (Sparus aurata), and to assess the risks depending on their consumption by humans. A total of 40 fishes were collected and the metal levels were determined using ICP-OES. The metal levels were determined to be Ag (Nd), Al (3.20-8.87), Co (0.01-0.01), Cr (0.02-0.51), Cu (0.96-1.28), Fe (0.23-4.30), Mn (0.15-0.39), Ni (0.13-0.22), Pb (0.00-0.10) and Zn (6.18-7.30) (mg kg-1 w.w.) in the study. No Ag or Cd were found in the samples. The heavy metal levels were below the national and international legal limits. The target hazard quotient (THQ) and total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) method was used to determine the possible risks of the heavy metals on human health. THQ and TTHQ values were all less than 1 and it was concluded that they do not pose any risks in terms of human health

Investigation of heavy metal pollution of surface water resources that drains into the sea between Iskenderun and -Samandağ

Koruma politikalarına rağmen çeşitli sebeplerle ekosistem hızlı bir şekilde kirlenmektedir. Dolayısıyla kirlilik düzeyinin ve canlı sistemler üzerine etkilerinin periyodik aralıklarla izlenmesi gerekmektedir. Ağır metaller; birçok alanda aşırı kullanımı, canlı sistemlerde birikme eğilimi ve besin zinciriyle üst basamaklardaki canlılara artarak taşınmaları nedeniyle sucul kirleticiler arasında önemli bir sınıfı oluşturmaktadır. Ekolojik önemi nedeniyle ağır metal kirliliği açısından Amanos Dağları yüzeysel suların sürekli izlenmesi ve ekosistem üzerindeki çevre kirliliğinin oluşturduğu stresin önceden belirlenmesi önemlidir. Ağır metallerden; canlılar açısından riskler oluşturan ve herhangi bir biyolojik değeri bilinmeyen Al, As, Cd, Hg ve Pb ile canlılar için esansiyel fakat belirli düzeylerin üzerinde birikim yoluyla meydana getirdikleri zararlı etkiler açısından önemli olan Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni ve Zn düzeyleri belirlenerek ekolojik risk açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Yapılan risk değerlendirmesi sonucunda bölgesel herhangi bir riskin olmadığı belirlenmiştir.Despite the protection policies, the ecosystem rapidly become contaminated by a various reasons. Therefore, the level of pollution and its effects on living systems should be monitored at periodic intervals. Heavy metals constitute an important class of aquatic pollutants because of excessive use in many areas, tend to accumulate in the living systems and increased transportation in upper level to the living creatures by food chain. Amanos Mountain's surface waters need to be constantly monitored in terms of pre-defined the stress of environmental pollution on the ecosystem. The heavy metal levels of Al, As, Cd, Hg and Pb which are creates risks for living creatures and unknown of any biological value, and for Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni and Zn which are essential for the living creatures but have harmful effects above a certain level by accumulation will be determined and assess in terms of ecological risks. In this respect, it is determined that there is no risk regionally

Potential toxicological risks of industrial heavy metals on wildlife ecology: A review to draw attention to an important ecological region

6th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems, ICAMS 2016 -- 20 October 2016 through 22 October 2016 -- -- 139798Many pollutants like heavy metals that are created as a result of increasing population and industrial production in parallel with the increasing population effects the ecological balance adversary with each passing day. The reflections of these developments on the wild life is higher because of their effects of life time, feeding and physiological properties. Hatay region comprises the Samandag? beach and Gulf of I?skenderun which hosts the endangered Loggerhead and Green Sea Turtles and Mediterranean seals, Amanos Mountains which are located on the migration route of many migratory birds, Amik plain which hosts Mountain gazelle and Striped hyena and many other endemic species. Because of this ecological importance, the region must be monitored periodically for the presence of pollutants beginning with industrial heavy metals and their effects on living systems and the potential toxicological risks and stress that these pollutants caused on the living systems must be determined in advance and regional protection policies must be developed. For that purpose, the regional stations must be established in the jurisdictions of the general and local governments where take the responsibility mutually that can manage the processes according to local parameters with the information and technology communion at first for information and technology communion. © 2016 Certex, INCDTP-ICPI