Homoclinic Orbits In Degenerate Reversible-equivariant Systems In R6

We study the dynamics near an equilibrium point p0 of a Z2xZ2-reversible vector field in R6 with the reversing symmetry or symmetry φ satisfying φ2=I and dimFix(φ)=3. We deal with systems such that X presents at p0 a degenerate resonance of type 0:p:q or 0-non-resonant. We are assuming that the linearized system of X (at p0) has as eigenvalues: λ1=0 λj=±iαj, j=2, 3. Our main concern is to find conditions for the existence of families of homoclinic orbits associated to periodic orbits near the equilibrium. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd.4031155166Bochner, S., Compact groups of differentiable transformation (1945) Ann. of Math. (2), 46 (3), pp. 372-381Bochner, S., Montgomery, D., Locally compact groups of differenciable transformations (1946) Ann. of Math. (2), 47 (4), pp. 639-653Buzzi, C.A., Lamb, J.S.W., Reversible equivariant Hopf bifurcation (2005) Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal., 175, pp. 39-84Lamb, J.S.W., Roberts, J.A.G., Time-reversal symmetry in dynamical systems: a survey (1998) Physica D, 112, pp. 1-39Lima, M.F.S., Teixeira, M.A., Families of periodic orbits in resonant reversible systems (2009) Bull. Braz. Math. Soc., 40 (4), pp. 511-537Lombardi, E., Oscillatory Integral and Phenomena Beyond all Algebraic Orders (2000) Lec. Notes in Math., , 1741Rodrigues, H.R., Introdução ao Metodo Alternativo (1997), Notes of ICMC-USP, Brazil, JulWang, L.-J., Homoclinic and heteroclinic orbits for the 02 or 02iω singularity in the presence of two reversibility symmetries (2009) Quart. Appl. Math., 67 (1), pp. 1-3

Ecological-friendly Pigments From Fungi

The dyestuff industry is suffering from the increases in costs of feedstock and energy for dye synthesis, and they are under increasing pressure to minimize the damage to the environment. The industries are continuously looking for cheaper, more environmentally friendly routes to existing dyes. The aim of this minireview is to discuss the most important advances in the fungal pigment area and its interest in biotechnological applications. Characteristic pigments are produced by a wide variety of fungi and the chemical composition of natural dyes are described. These pigments exhibit several biological activities besides cytotoxicity. The synthetic pigments authorized by the EC and in USA and the natural pigments available in the world market are discussed. The obstacle to the exploitation of new natural pigments sources is the food legislation, requesting costly toxicological research, manufacturing costs, and acceptance by consumers. The dislike for novel ingredients is likely to be the biggest impediment for expansion of the pigment list in the near future. If the necessary toxicological testing and the comparison with accepted pigments are made, the fungal pigments, could be acceptable by the current consumer. The potentiality of pigment production in Brazil is possible due to tremendous Amazonian region biodiversity.4215366Goodwin, T.W., (1976) Chemistry and Biochemistry of Plant Pigments, , New York, Academic Press PublBritton, G., (1983) The Biochemistry of Natural Pigments, , Cambridge, Cambridge, University PressMargalith, P.Z., (1992) Pigment Microbiology, , New York, Chapman & Hall PublDurán, N., Song, P.-S., Hypericin and its photodynamic action (1986) Photochem. Photobiol., 43, pp. 677-681Parisot, D., Devys, M., Barbier, M., Nahthoquinone pigments related to fusarubin from the fungus Fusarium solani (Mart) Sacc (1990) Microbios, 64, pp. 31-47List of permitted food colours (1994) Off. J. Eur. 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Dyers Colourists, 114, pp. 42-44Gill, M., Pigments of fungi (Macromycetes) (1996) Nat. Prod. Rep., 13, pp. 513-528Gill, M., Pigments of fungi (Macromycetes) (1999) Nat. Prod. Rep., 16, pp. 301-317Hobson, D.K., Edwards, R.L., Wales, D.S., Cyanodontin: A secondary metabolite and dyestuff intermediate (1997) J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 70, pp. 343-348Baker, R.A., Tatum, J.H., Novel anthraquinones from stationary cultures of Fusarium oxysporum (1998) J. Ferment. Bioeng., 85, pp. 359-361Buchanan, M.S., Gill, M., Yu, J., Pigments of fungi. Part 45. The cardinalins 8-12, unique pre-naphthoquinone dehydro dimers from the New Zealand toadstool, Dermocybe cardinalis (1997) Australian J. Chem., 50, pp. 1081-1089Buchanan, M.S., Gill, M., Gimenez, A., Pigments of fungi. Part 46. New dimeric dihydroanthracenones of the flavomannin type from an Australian toadstool of the genus Dermocybe (1998) Australian J. Chem., 51, pp. 103-109Buchanan, M.S., Gill, M., Millar, P.M., Phonh-Axa, S., Raudies, E., Yu, J., Pigments of fungi. Part 51. Structure and streochemistry of coupled pre-anthraquinones of the pseudophlegmacin type from Australian toadstools belonging to the genus Dermocybe (1999) J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans., 1, pp. 795-801Gill, M., Morgan, P.M., White, J.M., Yu, J., Pigments of fungi. Part. 47. Cardinalic acid, a new anthraquinone carboxylic acid from the New Zealand toadstool Dermocybe cardinalis and the synthesis and X-ray crystal structure of methyl 1,7,8-tri-O-methylcardinalate (1998) Australian J. Chem., 51, pp. 213-218Buchanan, M.S., Gill, M., Milanovic, N.M., Phonh-Axa, S., Steel, P.J., Pigments of fungi. Part 48. Cavorubin from two Australian toadstools of the genus Cortinarius and the X-ray crystal structure of the methyl ester of 6-O-methylclavorubin (1998) Australian J. Chem., 51, pp. 347-352Gill, M., Gimenez, A., Jhingran, A.G., Milanovic, N.M., Palfreyman, A.R., Pigments of fungi. Part 49. Structure and biosynthesis of dermocanarin 4, a naphathoquinone-dihydroanthracenone dimer from fungus Cortinarius sinapicolor Cleland (1998) J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans., 1, pp. 3431-3436Elsworth, C., Gill, M., Giḿenez, A., Milanovic, N.M., Raudies, E., Pigments of fungi. Part 50. Structure, biosynthesis, and stereochemistry of new dimeric dihydroanthracenones of the phlegmacin type from Cortinarius sinapicolor Cleland (1999) J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans., 1, pp. 119-125Thomson, R.H., (1971) Naturally Occurring Quinones, p. 198. , Academic Press Publ., LondonTanaka, H., Koyama, Y., Awaya, J., Marumo, H., Oiwa, R., Katagiri, M., Nagai, T., Omura, S., Nanaomycins, new antibiotic produced by strain of Streptomyces. I. Taxonomy, isolation, characterization and biological properties (1975) J. 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Produção de biocompostos com atividade antimicrobiana de Streptomyces sp. ante isolados de mastite caprina

Actinomicetos são um dos principais produtores de enzimas, vitaminas e metabólitos secundários, destacando-se o gênero Streptomyces, o qual tem uma ampla capacidade de produção de antibióticos eficazes no combate a diferentes microrganismos, entre eles o Staphylococcus sp. Em virtude dessa eficiência no combate a patógenos, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de metabólitos com atividade antimicrobiana produzidos por 67 Streptomyces isolados de liquens da região amazônica, ante isolados de mastite caprina (Staphylococcus aureus) do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foi utilizado um planejamento fatorial para avaliar a influência das fontes de carbono (glicose) 0%, 0,5% e 1% e de nitrogênio (farinha de soja) 1%, 2,5% e 4% na produção dos antimicrobianos, bem como das variáveis pH, biomassa e atividade antimicrobiana. Dos Streptomyces estudados, o DPUA 1566 foi o que se destacou por formação de halos de inibição entre 18 e 26mm ante os isolados de mastite caprina. Foi possível verificar que a fonte de carbono inibiu a produção de antimicrobianos quando submetidos a uma concentração de glicose de 1%; com a retirada desta, os Streptomyces apresentaram uma elevada capacidade de produção de metabólitos com atividade antimicrobiana tendo potencial para o tratamento de mastite caprina

Amazonian Lignocellulosic Materials-i Fungal Screening From Decayed Laurel And Cedar Trees

Fungi were screened for important industrial enzymes produced from industrial chips and sawdust of laurel (Louro inamui, Ocotea cymbarum) and cedar (Cedro, Cedrella odorata). Seven hyphomycetes and one zygomycete were isolated and characterized. Two different media for testing the enzymatic activities were used. In general, in potato dextrose (1%) medium (M-3) a preponderancy of ligninolytic over cellulolytic enzymes was observed. In potato infusion-sawdust wood (1%) medium (M-4) the cellulolytic, xylanolytic, and lipolytic enzymes were efficiently induced. Significant modulation of enzyme production by the carbon source was found in the extracted fungi from self-heated industrial chips piles of cedar and laurel trees at the Amazonian region. © 1992 The Humana Press Inc.371334